Funeral Oration and Old Oligarch Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Funeral Oration and Old Oligarch - Essay Example In the wake of the Peloponnesian War, scores of Athenian soldiers were pressed into duty who they readily endured the hardships of warfare. Though acknowledging their bravery and sense of duty, Pericles notes that one individual’s words cannot sufficiently capture the magnitude of their feat. Pericles goes on to mention how the very foundation of the Athenian kingdom was based on valour and patriotism. He cites the example of martyrs from previous generations to identify this tradition. Pericles assures the audience that the great courage exhibited and the great human loss thus incurred was not in vain. The city of Athens is a crown jewel of civilization and culture. According to Pericles, the endeavour to protect the sanctity of this great city from marauding invaders was a noble project, for, in consequence, it protects the institutions of democracy within the city. His elogà © then is not just for the recently martyred, but also for their exemplary forbears and the proud democratic traditions that the city stands for. He concludes his speech by exhorting the audience to live up to the standards of the martyrs as well as uphold the spirit of democracy that Athens has become synonymous with. The Old Oligarch takes a totally different view of Athens, especially its Constitution. He reckons that democracy can easily lead to mob-rule. The author believes that the aristocracy is endowed by nature with qualities necessary for leadership. Taking away the reigns from them could so easily lead to disintegration of law and order. Their privilege in acquiring sound education is a valuable asset for statecraft. Likewise, the material abundance into which the aristocracy are born lends them skills for managing the economy of the city. Pseudo-Xenophon worries that if the poor are given a voice in public affairs the natural order of the

Teacher preparation is critical to providing successful quality math education Essay Example for Free

Teacher preparation is critical to providing successful quality math education Essay It is possible to make every student a successful student. Here success could mean different things to different students and their teachers. When the full potential of a student is realized in the chosen avocation, one can infer that success is achieved. Teaching and learning happen the best when there is perceived interest in both the teacher and the learner. Nurturing education through better teaching and learning methods can enhance the ability of a teacher for providing quality mathematics education1 (Chism,1998). Because of the inherent anxiety in math education, additional preparation in terms of understanding the psychology of the students is a critical success factor. Many times we find impediments to teaching and learning either because there is no evident interest in the teacher or the learner or both; or there is no proper supporting mechanism/ system to augment the teaching and learning. In the following paragraphs, an outline of various teaching / instructional methodologies for the teachers and learning strategies for the students are outlined for best possible outcomes for both sides of the equation. These are meant for any teaching including mathematics. Based on my own personal experiences of teaching and learning and professional research, I outlined a few of the many methodologies.   Mention is also made of the importance of overall learning environment. Teaching / Instructional Methodologies2 (New Horizons For Learning,2002) a. Action Research Action Research is a very powerful strategy for instructional improvement and provides teachers the necessary skills for solving problems specific to their classrooms and their schools. By using a five step process – question, data collection, data analysis, findings and action plan – teachers can improve their own teaching skills while improving their classroom/school outcomes3 (Reed, 2000) b. Differentiated Instruction Differentiated Instruction takes into account the various ways in which students learn as against Direct Instruction which focuses mainly on memorizing facts and skills. Differentiated Instruction on the other hand focuses on concepts, understanding, readiness and interest. c. Environment for Learning: The definition or perception of Learning Environment from a curriculum and instruction based learning is changing to an environment for successful learning which is based on a variety of emotional, intellectual, visual and spatial stimuli. Schools located in such environs as zoos, museums, culture are redefining the way learning takes place and learning environment is created. d. Accelerated Learning Accelerated learning is based on the original work of ‘Suggestology’4 (Dr. Lozanov, 1978) which included relaxation, visual arts and music for teaching foreign language students. Accelerated learning takes into account various beliefs/theories such as Learning is dual-planned; there is no single stimulus etc. The Core Elements for Accelerated Learning include Physical Environment, Music, Teacher, Positive Atmosphere and a teaching Frame. Teaching Frame in turn includes three phases – Preparation, Active and Passive. e. Teaching for Understanding: This approach seeks to get answers to the three key questions: 1. What does it mean to understand? 2. How do we teach for understanding? 3. How do we assess understanding? Using the concept of ‘throughlines’ a teacher can engage the students continuously and throughout the year on the goals set out for understanding the concepts based on a set of predefined questions. Classroom based Learning Continuum Tool The Northwest Evaluation Association launched a tool   DesCartes: A Continuum of Learning. This tool is designed for teachers and principals to simplify the task of translating assessment data into specific skills and concepts5 (Business Wire, 2004). The tool is used to map mathematics, reading, and language usage skills along a continuum of learning, and connects each skill with test score ranges and state standards for all the states Teachers can use DesCartes information for: †¢ Identification of specific skills and concepts students need †¢ Selection of materials based on the diversity of skill levels within a class, and find appropriate materials for students at the extreme ends of the learning spectrum. †¢ Creation of flexible learning groups based on students performance and †¢ Collaboration with staff to successfully meet the needs of all learners6 (Grasha, 1996). Conclusion Teaching and Learning have become very critical in not only realizing the full potential of the learners but in doing so have become necessary tools to build a productive workforce. Teaching styles6, improvements in technology and expectations of parents, society have contributed to the growth of new methods of teaching, learning and creating new Learning Environments. Hence it is important that we assess the teachers for their ability and aptitude and also assess the learner’s ability and aptitude. A match making of these two would most definitely produce successful teaching and learning outcomes. Many of the methods discussed above would definitely make it is possible for every student to become a successful student and every teacher a successful teacher.

Role Of 3d Animators In Motion Capture Film Studies Essay

Role Of 3d Animators In Motion Capture Film Studies Essay In the world of upcoming technologies and innovations it has become hard for traditional techniques to withstand. Same is the case here in terms of 3d animation which is become an integral part of the film industry here for a long time and the motion capture which is upcoming and is here to stay. Motion capture being the favourite of every live action movie director is gaining attention in the film industry. In producing entire feature films with Computer animation, the industry is currently split between studios that use Motion Capture, and studios that do not. Out of the three nominees for the 2006 Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, two of the nominees (Monster House and the winner Happy Feet) used Motion Capture, and only Pixars Cars was animated without Motion Capture. In the ending credits of Pixars latest film Ratatouille, a stamp appears labelling the film as 100% Pure Animation No Motion Capture! For 3D animations, objects are built on the computer monitor and 3D figures are rigged with a virtual skeleton. Then the limbs, eyes, mouth, clothes, etc.of the figure are moved by the animator on key frames. The differences in appearance between key frames are automatically calculated by the computer. To gain more control of the interpolation, a parameter curve editor is available in the majority of the 3D animation packages. The parameter curve editor shows a graphical representation of the variation of a parameters value over time (the animation curve). Altering the shape of the curve results into a change in interpolation and therefore into a change in the speed of motion. By changing the interpolation it is possible to avoid surface interpenetration (such as fingers intersecting each other) when transitioning from one hand shape to the next. The realism of keyframe animations depends largely on the animators ability to set believe keyframe (realistic hand shapes) and on his abil ity to control the interpolation between the keyframe i.e., the speed and fluidity of motion. Rendering takes place in the animation finally. History of 3D animation In the year 1824 Peter Roget presented his paper The persistence of vision with regard to moving objects to the British Society. In 1831 Dr.Joseph Antoine Plateau (a Belgian scientist) and Dr.Simon Rittrer constructed a machine called a phenakistoscope. This machine produced an illusion of the movement by allowing a viewer to gaze at a rotating disk containing small windows; behind the windows was another disk containing a sequence of images. When the disks were rotated at the correct speed, the synchronization of the windows with the images created an animated effect. Eadweard Muybridge started his photographic gathering of animals in motion. Zoetrope (series of sequential images in a revolving drum) when the drum is revolved the slits in the drum creates the illusion of motion and becomes first movie- similarly film creates this illusion by having one image then black then image then black again. Thaumatrope twirl it and the two images superimpose on each other. Two frame animation . In 1887 Thomas Edison started his research work into motion pictures. He announced his creation of the kinetoscope which projected a 50ft length of film in approximately 13 seconds. Emile Renynaud in 1892 combining his earlier inventions of the praxinoscope with a projector opens the Theatre Optique in the Musee Grevin. It displays an animation of images painted on long strips of celluloid. Louis and Augustine Lumiere issued a patent for a device called cinematography capable of projecting moving pictures. Thomas Armat designed the vitascope which projected the films of Thomas Edison. This machine had a major influence on all sub-sequent projectors. J.Stuart Blackton made the first animated film which he called Humorous phases of Funny faces in 1906. His method was to draw comical faces on a blackboard and film them. He would stop the film, erase one face to draw another, and then film the newly drawn face. The stopmotion provided a starting effect as the facial expressions changed b efore the viewers eyes. Emile Cohl makes En Route the first cut-out animation. This technique saves time by not having to redraw each new cell, only reposition the paper. Winsor McCay produced an animation sequence using his comic strip character Little Nemo. John R Bray applies for a patent on numerous techniques for animation. One of the most revolutionary is the process of printing the backgrounds of the animation. In 1914 Winsor McCay produced a cartoon called Gertie. The trained Dinosaur which amazingly consisted of 10,000 drawings. In 1914 Earl Hurd applies for a patent for the technique of drawing the animated portion of an animation on a clear celluloid sheet and later photographing it with its matching background (Cell animation). Cell and Paper Animation Technique: By the mid-1910s animation production in US already dominated by the techniques of cell and paper. Cell animation was more popularized in America than in Europe because of Assembly line Taylorism that had taken America by storm. Cell Animation was most appropriate to the assembly-line style of manufacturing because it took a whole line of persons working on very specific and simple repetitive duties. On the other hand, in Europe where the assembly-line style of work was not encouraged, clay animation and other forms of animation that required only a few individuals working on the set at a time was more popularized. Because the actual set could only afford a limited amount of individuals working at one time together and no more this style and other alternative forms of animation became more widely accepted. Disney-cell animation draw each image one at a time using onion-skinning technique. Traditional cell animation drawings created one by one animators create the keyframe and assistances create in-betweens; onion skinning process used to make easier the reference drawing of each additional image. The international feature Syndicate realised many titles including Silk Hat Harry, Bringing up Father and Krazy Kat. In 1923 the first feature-length animated film called El Apostol is created in Argentina. 1923 saw the discovery of Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio by Walt and Roy Disney. Walt Disney extended Max Fleischers technique of combining live action with cartoon characters in the film Alices Wonderland. Warner Brothers released The Jazz Singer which introduced combined sound and images. Ken Knowlton working at Bell Laboratories started developing computer techniques for producing animated movies. University of Utah, Ed Catmull develops an animation scripting language and creates an animation of a smooth shaded hand. Ref: E.Catmull,A system for computer generated movies, Proceedings of the ACM National Conference, 1972. Beier and Neely, at SGI and PDI respectively publish an algorithm where line correspondences guide morphing between 2d images.Demo is Michael Jacksons video Bla ck and White.Ref: T.Beier and S.Neely,Feature-Based image metamorphosis. Computer Graphics July 1992. Chen and Williams at the apple publish a paper on view interpolation for 3d walkthoughs.Ref: S.E.Chen and L.Williams,View Interpolation for image Systhensis. Computer Graphics Proceeding, Annual Conference Series1993. Jurassic Park uses CG for realistic living creatures. The stars of this movie directed by Steven Spielberg were the realistic looking and moving 3d-dinosaurs, created by Industrial Light and Magic. With each new step into the next generation of computer graphics comes new and more believable CGI characters such as those found in Dinosaur. In Dinosaur the creation and implementation of realistic digital hair on the lemurs is included. After seeing it, George Lucas, director of the Star War series, concluded the time was there to start working on his new Star Wars movies. In his opinion 3d-animation was now advanced enough to believably create the alien worlds and characters he already wanted to make since the early late seventies. In the year 1995 Toy Story the first full length 3D CG feature film. The first CGI feature-length animation and Pixars first feature film. The primary characters are toys in the room of this six-year-old boy Andy, and is mostly told from their point of view. On entrance of computers and 3d driven software feature length films of high polish can be created virtually in 3d. Toy Story is considered to be a first animated feature ever generated completely on computers. Disney and Pixar partnered up to create this film. Star Wars, almost every shot of this movie is enhancing with 3d-animation. It features very realistic 3d-aliens and environment. Lord of the Rings: Two Towers was the first Photorealistic motion captured character for a film; Gollum was also the first digital actor to win an award (BFCA), category created for Best Digital Acting Performance. MOTION CAPTURE Motion capture, motion tracking, or mocap are terms used to describe the process of recording movement and translating that movement onto a digital model. For medical applications and for validation of computer vision and robotics, and it is used in military, entertainment, sports too. To recording actions of human actors, and using that information to animate digital character models in 2d and 3d computer animation is how it is termed in film making. Performance capture is referred when it includes face, fingers and captures subtle expressions. Movements of one or more actors are sampled many times per second, although with most techniques motion capture records only the movements of the actor, not his/her visual appearance, in motion capture sessions. This animation data is mapped to a 3d model so that the model performs the same actions as the actor. Although there are many different systems for capturing motion capture data, they tend to fall broadly into two different categories: One contains optical systems, which employ photogrammetry to establish the position of an object on 3D space based on its observed location within the 2d fields of a number of cameras. Data is produced by these systems within 3 degrees freedom from each marker, and rotational information must be inferred from the relative orientation of the sensors with respect to a transmitter. Collecting of motion data from an image without using photogrammetry or magnetic equipment is referred to as motion tracking. In The Lord of the Rings in 1978, animated film where the visual appearance of the motion of an actor was filmed, then the film used a guide for the frame by frame motion of a hand-drawn animated character; the technique is comparable to the older technique of rotoscope. The camera movements can also be motion captured so that a virtual camera in the scene will pan, tilt, or dolly around the stage driven by a camera operator, while the actor is performing and the motion capture the camera and props as well as the actors performance. By doing this, it allows the computer generated characters, images and sets, to have the same perspective as the video images and sets, to have the same perspective as the video images from the camera. The actors movements are displayed through the computer process, providing the desired camera positions terms of the objects in the set. Match moving or camera tracking is referred to retroactively obtaining camera movement data from the captured footage. History of Mocap: The mocap technology of the modern day has been developed by the led in the medical science, army, and computer generated imagery (CGI) where it is used for a wide variety of purposes. Mocap had successful attempts long before the computer technology had become available. Early attempts: The invention of zoopraxiscope was because a of a bet of $25,000 on whether all four feet of a horse leave the ground simultaneously or not. Endeared Muybridge (1830-1904) who invented the zoopraxiscope was born in England and became a popular landscape photographer in San Francisco. Muybridge proved the fact that all four feet of a trotting horse simultaneously get off the ground. He did so by capturing a horses movement in a sequence of photographs taken with a set of one dozen cameras trigged by the horses feet. The earlier motion capture devices are considered to be zoopraxiscope. This technology was perfected by Muybridge himself. His books, Animals in motion (1899) and The Human Figures in Motion (1901) are still used by many artists, such as animators, cartoonists, illustrators, painters as valuable references. Muybridge is a pioneer of a mocap and motion pictures. In the same year a physiologist and the inventor of a portable sphygmograph was born in France and his name is Etienne Jules Marey. Sphygmograph is an instrument that records the pulse and blood pressure graphically. Modified versions of his instruments are still used today. Marey met Muybridge in Paris in the year 1882 and is the following year he invented the chronophotographic gun to record animal locomotion but quickly abandoned it, this invention was inspired by Muybridges work. He invented a chronophotographic fixed-plate camera with a timed shutter that allowed him to expose multiple images on a plate in the same year. The camera initially captured images on a glass plate but later he replaced glass plates with film paper, by this way film strips where introduced to the motion picture. Mareys subject wearing his mocap suit shows striking resemblances to skeletal mocap data in the photographs. Research subjects of Marey included cardiology, experimental physiology, instruments in physiology, and locomotion of humans, animals, birds, and insects. Marey used one camera in motion capture comparing to Muybridge who used multiple cameras. After the year in which Muybridge and Marey passed away Harold Edgerton was born in Nebraska. In the early 1920s Edgreton developed his photographic skills as a student while he studied at the University of Nebraska. While working on his masters degree electrical engineering at the Massachusetts in 1926 at the Institute of Technology(MIT), he realized that he couldnt observe the a part of his motor which is rotating as if the motor were turned off by matching the frequency of the strobes flashes to the speed of the motors rotation. Stroboscope was developed to freeze fast moving objects and capture them on film by Edgerton in 1913. Edgreton became a pioneer in high-speed photography. The first successful underwater camera in 1937 was designed by Edgreton and made many trips abroad the research vessel Calypso with French oceanographer Jacques Cousteau. The design and building of deep sea flash electronic equipment in 1954 was done by him. Edgreton passes away in 1990 where his long career as an educator and researcher at MIT. Rotoscoping: Max Fleisher and art editor for Popular Science Montly who was born in Vienna in 1883 who moved to the U.S with his family, he came up with an idea of producing animation by tracing live action film frame by frame. Fleisher filmed David his brother, in the year 1915 in a clown costume and they spent almost a year making their first animation using rotoscope. He obtained a patent for rotoscope in 1917.In the year 1918 when World War I ended he produced the first animation in the Out of the Inkwell series and he also established Out of the Inkwell,Inc.,which was later renamed as Fleischer Studio. In this series the animation and the live action was mixed and Fleischer himself interacted with animation characters, Koko the clown and Fitz the dog. Before Disneys Steamboat Willie, in the year 1924 thats 4 years before he had a synchronised soundtrack. Characters such as Popeye and Superman were all animated characters from Fleischers studio. Betty Boop first appeared in Fleischers animati on and later became a comic strip character. In 30s early animations were filled with sexual humour, ethnic jokes, and gags. When the Hays Production Code (censorship) laws became effective in 1934 it affected Fleischer studio more than other studios. Betty Boop lost her garters and sex appeal as a result. After almost after 4 years of production Walt Disney presented the first feature length animation, Snow White and Seven Dwarfs. Snow White was a huge success. The distributer of Fleischers animation Paramount pressured Max and David Fleischer to produce feature length animations. The two feature films Gullivers Travel (1939) and Mr. Bugs Goes to Town (1941) were produced by the money borrowed from Paramount. Both of the films were a disaster in the box office. The failure of Mr. Bug made Paramount fire the Fleischer brothers and changed the studios name from Famous Studios. Max Fleischer sued Paramount over the distribution of his animations. He signed a Betty Boop merchandising deal for King Features, a unit of the Hearst Corporation before he died in the year 1972. The use of Rotoscoping can be seen in the Disney animations, starting with Snow White. Later Disney animations characters were highly stylized and Rotoscoping became a method for studying human and animal motions. Comparison between film footages and the corresponding scenes in the animations reveals skilful and selective use of Rotoscoping by Disney animators. They went above and beyond Rotoscoping. Snow Whites can be attributed to Walt Disneys detailed attention to the plot, character development and artistry. Both Max Fleischer and Walt Disney were highly innovative individuals; however, it is said true that Disneys memory belongs to the public; Maxs to those who remember him by choice (Herald son, 1975). Beginning of Digital Mocap: In the 1970s the research and development of digital mocap technology started in pursuit of medical and military applications. In 1980s CGI industry discovered the technologys potentials. In the 1980s there were floppy disks that were actually floppy and most computers were equipped with monochrome monitors; some with calligraphic displays. To view color images, for example rendered animation frames, images had to be sent to a frame buffer, which was often shared by multiple users due to its cost. Large computers were housed in ice cold server rooms. Offices were files with the noise of dot matrix printers. In the 1980s ray tracing and radiocity algorithms were published. Based on these algorithms renderers required a supercomputer or workstations to render animations frames in a reasonable amount of time. Personnel computers werent powerful enough. CPUs, memories, storage devices, and applications were more expensive than today. Wavefront technologies developed and marketed the firs t commercial of the shelf 3D computer animation software in 1985. At that time only a handful of animation production companies existed. Most of the animations that they produced were flying logos for TV commercials or TV programmes opening sequences. The pieces were 15 to 30 seconds long. In the 1980s the readers who saw Brilliance probably still remember the astonishment of seeing a computer generated character, a shiny female robot, moving like a real human being. Brilliance being the first successful application of mocap technology in CGI,Total Recall was the first failed attempt to use mocap in a feature film. The post production companies contracted to produce effects for the 1990 science fiction film starring Arnold Schwarzenegger and Sharon Stone, Metrolight Studio being one of them. Metrolight decided to use mocap to create an animation sequence of moving skeletons for the scene in which Schwarzeneggers character goes through a large airport security X-ray machine, along with other people and a dog. Operator from an optical mocap equipment company was sent out to a location with mocap system. A team from metrolight followed the operators instruction while capturing performances by Schwarzenegger and other performers. They went home believing that the capture session had gone well and the mocap company would deliver the mocap data after cleaning and processing. What so ever metrolight never received usable data and had to give up using mo cap for the scene. Metrolights unfortunate experience teaches us one lesson that we should hire only a service provider with a good track record and references. In 1995 FX Fighters released its first real-time fighting with 3D characters in 3D environments. Its also one of the first video games that used mocap technology to give realism to 3D characters movements. By the user input using a set of motion captured actions, game characters are animated in real time. The pieces of actions are played in such a way that the player does not notice the transition from one action to another giving an impression that the player is fully in control of a game characters movement. Seeing the success of the game, other game companies were encouraged to use mocap in their games. In the 1980s and 1990s these pioneering efforts have shown remarkable development and achievement in digital mocap. In the recent years, in addition to medicine, and entertainment, mocap applications have been found in many other fields. Mocap is used by various sports to analyze and enhance the athletes performances and prevent injuries. Designers use mocap to understand users movements, constrains, and interactions with environments and to design better products. Mocap is used by engineers to analyze human movements and design robots that walk like us. Mocap is also used by art historians and educators to archive and study performances by dancers and actors. For instance, in 1991 an intricate performance by legendary French mime Marcel Marceau (1923-2007) was captured at the Ohio State University to preserve his arts for future generations. 3D ANIMATION PRODUCTION PIPELINE Sales pitch Convincing the big jobs to work on the story. Story plot solid summary What the films about, what happens in it and extra variations that may or may not appear in the final product. Storyboards Basic sketches of the scenes. (Time usually taken = 6 months) Voice recording At first the artists themselves do the voice acting to put a connection from the story board to the script to give an idea of the film, later on celebrities are paid to be the character voices. Storyboard reel Pictures in a timescale with voice recordings playing in conjunction, basically a really basic film. Concept art Artists try to create the look and feel of the scenery and the characters from the scripts, voice talent and the basic drawings, the artists get first crack at how lighting sets the mood too Modelling The characters, props and landscape have started to be created in 3d; hinges have been added to them to give them movement. Everything is still in frame form, no textures have been added yet (think skeletons). Dressing The models and props are skinned according to the mood and feel the team wants for the film to portray. Shot layout The Basically skinned objects and characters are set into positions to work out camera angles and movement, nothing is truly animated or skinned yet, the recordings of these final cuts are passed onto the animation team. (Time Usually taken = 4 weeks) Animation The models are animated, everything such as the skeleton is already there so they are basically choreographers (think puppeteers). They move the mouth and ligaments according to the sounds and the scripts. (Time usually taken 4 weeks) Shading shading changes surfaces according to the lighting on it, it affects the models colour depending on the lighting situation e.g. light bouncing off a shiny metal surface is successfully done thanks to a shader. Shaders are added to the landscapes, models and props. Lighting Lighting is added to the scenes, Lighting is what actually makes everything look great. Lighting is based on the mood scripts. (Time usually taken = 8 weeks) Rendering The final product is rendered; this can take a hell of a lot of time to render one frame depending on the quality of the graphics put into. Touch-ups Things such as music scores, special effects and sound effects are added, the film is also recorded to an appropriate format. MOTION CAPTURE PRODUCTION PIPELINE Pre-Production Storyboard development Shot analysis It is important to work out exactly what action is needed at this stage, plus any restrictions which may impede the actor. There are several factors which need to be addressed: Does the actors size correspond to that of the character. Should the actor have any props, or costume (for example having the actor where horns for your demon character in your mocap session, will prevent the arms going through the horns at the implementing stage) The spatial surrounding should be a factor. Will the motion need to be blended (e.g. A running motion, as the motion capture studio will only capture a fragment of the run). Character Rigging Develop a character rig, which involves the following: Matching the actors size as much as possible. Constraining the joints. Problems may include exporting out of your animation package into the correct format (e.g. .xsi into fbx) Several different export formats should be tested to realize which suites best with the character rig (e.g. .bvh, .fbx, etc). Actual Motion Captured This can be viewed on a rig in real time. There are several different forms of Motion Capture devices. The most commonly used are: Mechanical, Optical, and Electromagnetic (magnetic) Cleaning Data This involves several data manipulators being applied to the motion capture data. In optical motion capture systems, for example, after you capture the movements of your actors, the data is stored as raw 2D data. Reconstruction process will convert it into continuous 3D trajectories. Label process will label all the trajectories and so on. Additional processing may be needed when there are data gaps, jitters and other data-noises. Implementing data This is simply the process of applying your data to your skeleton rig provided at the initial stages. There can be several problems at this stage depending on the formats and animation package chosen. For example there is an issue with UVs, materials, scaling etc. It is suggested you follow each package pipeline to minimize these issues. APPLICATIONS OF MOTION CAPTURE The process of recording movement and translating that movement onto a digital model is called as motion capture, motion tracking or mocap. Its applications are used in the military, entertainment, sports, medical applications and for validation of computer vision and robotics etc. Games The largest market for motion capture is game development. Games are drawing as much revenue as movies; it is easy to see why game development often calls for enormous quantities of motion capture. There are basically two types of 3d character animation used in games: real time playback vs. Cinmeatics. Real-time allows the game player to choose from pre-created moves, by controlling the characters moves in real-time. Cinmeatics are the fully rendered movies used for the intros and cut-scenes. Often the last part of game production, or a process that is sub-contracted to a separate studio,cinematics are generally not essential to game-play, but do add a lot of appeal to the game, and help immensely with story development and mood generation. Video and TV Performance animation In live television broadcasts real-time motion is becoming popular. Using motion capture we can place a virtual character within a real scene, or to place live actors within a virtual scene with virtual actors, or virtual characters with a virtual scene. For real time broadcasting mocap requires mocap-up of any non-standard physiology to keep the performers motion from causing the characters limbs to interpenetrate its body. Joints limits on the shoulders and knees also help maintain believability of the character. A real-time adaptation feature such as motion builders real-time motion mapping is essential when the character body is very different from the actors body. While combining live elements with virtual elements the real and virtual cameras must share the same properties otherwise the illusion looks strange. Daily features Producing daily 3d animated features becomes easy with use of the phasespace optical motion capture system combined with motionbuilder.,allowing TV stations to keep their content fresh and exiciting,and giving viewers yet another reason not to touch that dial. Post-Production for ongoing series using motion capture for ongoing series is gaining popularity. The result of creating a weekly show without motion capture invariably causes shows to be late or production studios to go bankrupt. Having an efficient motion capture pipeline is essential to the success of an ongoing character animation based series. Film The use of motion capture in the films is increasing day by day. For creating character based animation motion capture is essential that move realistically, in situations that would be impractical or too dangerous for real actors.eg. Titanic were characters falling down off the ship. Motion capture was used extensively in Titanic for filler characters. Many of these shots would have been difficult or impossible to do with real cameras and a real ship, or real models, so virtual models, actors, and cameras were used. Some film characters require the use of motion capture, otherwise their animation seems fake. More and more independent companies are starting to put together desktop studios-the idea of two or three people creating an entire movie are not far off, if motion capture is used correctly. Motion capture animation can be done very quickly and inexpensively, without scheduling expensive motion capture sessions in a studio. Web Motion capture is ideal for the web, whether used to create virtual hosts or greeting cards. Motion capture brings a human element to the web as the web becomes more sophisticated and bandwidth increases, in the form of characters that viewers can relate to interact with. Live events Motion capture generated performance animation can be thought of as Improvisation meets Computer Graphics (CG). A good improviser acting through a CG character in real-time can create a very intriguing lass sting experience for the viewer at trade shows, meetings or press conferences. Integrating with live actors father helps create a fascinating experience. Scientific research While doing perceptual research motion capture is useful. By presenting test subjects with abstract movements, distilled from motion capture data, repeatable experiments can be developed that provide insights into human perception. Biomechanical analysis Motion capture is relied by biomechanical analysis for rehabilitation purposes. Motion capture can be used to measure the extent of a clients disability as well as a clients progress with rehabilitation. Motion capture can also help in effective design of prosthetic devices. Engineering For producing ergonomically practical product designs motion capture is essential, as well as designs for physical products that are comfortable and appealing. When it comes to working in an enclosed space, the gypsy has tremendous advantages over optical or magnetic systems, such as a car inter

Physics of Incandescent Light bulbs :: physics light bulb

The incandescent light bulb, since its fairly recent invention, has quickly become a basic essential of modern technological life as we know it. It took many years to create an practical bulb despite the simplicity of its structure. I believe a majority of us take them completely for granted as a normal part of life. Early man knew the sun as his lightsource and when the sun set, he knew the moon and the stars. As his intelligence increased and he learned about the world in which he lived he became associated with fire. Fire could be used for warmth, cooking, protection, and light. Man lived with this for years, elaborating and improving the way the fire was created and burned for light, until the year of 1809 when one man, an English chemist by the name of Humphrey Davy began the search for a usable incandescent light source using electricity. Using a high powered battery to induce a current between two high powered strips he produced an intense incandescent light, which became known as the first arc lamp. Although it was a first step it was not yet a practical light source. The first known attempt to make a actual bulb didn't come until 1920 when Warren De la Rue enclosed a coil of platinum wire in an evacuated tube and passed an electrical current through it. Although a platinum light bulb was not practical the idea behind his design was. A metal with a high melting point to achieve high temperature and thus bright light, as well as an evacuated tube that contained less particles to react with the metal and thus an elongated bulb life. Throughout the next few decades scientists labored to create their "efficient" light bulb. Their main hurdle was finding a low cost, long lived, high temperature filament material that would glow with high intensity. In 1879 two scientist, Joseph Wilson Swan and Thomas A Edison, had independent breakthroughs for a longer lasting incandecent bulb with their use of a carbon fiber filament derived from cotton. It lasted a maximum of 13.5 hours. In 1880 Edison also developed a filament derived from bamboo which lasted up to 1200 hours. This was good, but to create a truly efficient bulb something different was need to creae a filament with very high temperatures but without degeneration and loss of heat. Many elements were experimented with, a few of the most popular which were carbon, osmium, and tantalum.

Importance Of Adequate Prenatal Care Health And Social Care Essay

Critical analysis of research surveies is one of the most of import stairss towards incorporation of grounds into pattern ( Burns & A ; Grove, 2007 ) . This paper is an effort towards accomplishing this end. The paper critically analyzes the article â€Å" Group prenatal attention and preterm birth weight: Consequences from a matched cohort survey at public clinics † by Ickovics et al. ( 2003 ) . This purpose will be achieved by consecutive reviewing the research job, the literature reappraisal, rules of research moralss employed in the survey, the underlying theoretical model, the research hypothesis, the sampling technique, the research design, informations aggregation methods, the analysis, and the recommendation proposed by the writers. Finally, the paper will stop with an overall assessment of the strength and restrictions of the survey.Rationale:This peculiar research paper was analyzed as the construct of group prenatal attention has non been investigated in item yet. W hile reexamining the literature on the stated subject the limited supporting groundss for group prenatal attention was found. Merely 01 RCT ( Ickovics et al.2007 ) , 01 matched cohort survey ( Ickovics et al.2003 ) , and 03 pilot surveies with descriptive analysis were found ( Baldwin, 2006 ; Grady and Bloom, 1998 ; Rising, 1998 ) . The comparative analysis of all 05 surveies is shown in appendix 1. Chosen survey is the lone one which examined the impact of group versus single prenatal attention on birth weight and gestational age.DiscussionThe job:The job studied by Ickovics et Al. ( 2003 ) is that, whether group prenatal attention has a important impact on the perinatal result like birth weight, and gestational age. This job is highly important to nursing, for a figure of grounds. The first ground as described by Ickovics EL Al. ( 2003 ) , is the important relationship of these perinatal results with â€Å" neonatal morbidity and mortality † ( p. 1052 ) . Neonatal mortality is one of the countries of concern for nursing due to high mortality rates around the universe and particularly in developing states ( Straughn et al.,2003 ) .Purpose:The intent for carry oning the survey has been explicitly stated by Ickovics et Al. ( 2003 ) . The declared intent can be accomplished really good because both the results that are birth weight and gestational age, are measureable and therefore the research job is testable ( Haber & A ; Cameon, 2005 ) . A quantitative attack is suited for this survey as the variables are quantifiable and can be described objectively in Numberss. Ickovics et Al. ( 2003 ) have introduced the job statement after giving a brief background of the importance of the equal prenatal attention, and the factors that determine the equal prenatal attention. They so introduce the topic of group antenatal attention as a â€Å" structural invention † in the sphere of antenatal attention ( Ickovicd et al. , 2003, p. 1052 ) , and so portion the job statement that this advanced method of proviso of prenatal attention has non been tested yet. The writers have stated the implicit in premises of the survey. Ickovics et Al. ( 2003 ) believe that more clip the pregnant adult females spent together, the better will be their apprehension of the wellness behaviours, and they will have more societal support from each other. This will cut down their hazard behaviours for case smoke taking to low birth weight. The restrictions of the survey have besides been discussed explicitly in the article Ickovics et Al. ( 2003 ) admit that their survey is limited because of non-random choice of the adult females for group antenatal attention. The restriction is realistic because the pattern was already in topographic point and research workers wanted to detect the results in relation to the two different attacks to care. Furthermore, this is an built-in characteristic of the cohort design that the groups are selected on the footing of their exposure or non-exposure to a peculiar phenomenon which is non controlled by the research worker, inste ad the pick is made by the topic themselves. This characteristic of the cohort design makes it prone to â€Å" choice prejudice. â€Å" ( Rochon et al. , 2005 ) .Reappraisal of LiteratureThe reappraisal of the literature presented by Ickovics et al. , ( 2003 ) is comprehensive. It starts by stressing the importance of equal prenatal attention in footings of perinatal results. It so focuses on the factors that make the prenatal attention adequate. The writers so depict the group antenatal attention as a construction invention designed to do the prenatal attention adequate, and they appreciate that this new attack has non been tested yet for its efficaciousness in bettering antenatal results. The reappraisal so proceeds with a brief description of Centering Pregnancy Program and its constituents, which eventually leads to the statement of intent of the survey. The reappraisal ends with a principle for the choice of survey population that is black and Latinas adult females who are vu lnerable for inauspicious perinatal outcomes. There is an apparent relationship of the reappraisal with the intent of survey in that the writers have presented merely those surveies that are pertinent to perinatal attention and that have established the efficaciousness of group attention in other population. The reappraisal includes a mix of recent and old surveies. As this survey was accepted for publication in 2003, most of the surveies cited in the reappraisal were non current, that is those surveies were non published in the last five old ages of the day of the month when this survey was accepted for publication ( Burns & A ; Groove, 2007 ) ; and there are merely 10 out of 26 surveies, that were current and were published in the last five old ages of the day of the month of credence of the survey under consideration, for publication. The reappraisal clearly indicates that the other intercessions that have been planned to augment antenatal attention were non found to be effectual in bettering the adult females ‘s perinatal result.Ethical Consideration:The survey has been designed in a mode that there are minimal hazards to the topics. Since this is a non experimental survey and merely intends to detect the impact of an intercession that is already in advancement without pull stringsing any of the variables, hence there are minimum hazards associated with it ( Rochon et al, 2005 ) . However, the research workers have non made any excess attempt to maximise the benefits for the topics. There is no reference of how and when informed consent was attained from the topics, but this may hold non been reported as it was an experimental survey and most likely was related to quality betterment and do non necessitate consent. The research workers have obtained the blessing of research from institutional reappraisal boards at these clinics. Besides, at one point, the writers have described their attempts to keep namelessness of the topics. The writers explained t hat while choosing matched cohort for the survey they entered all the information needed to choose the cohort, except for the patient designation information.Theoretical/Conceptual Model:The survey is based on an implicit in model that is the focus oning gestation theoretical account. The implicit in premises of the survey are derived from the theoretical account that includes the belief that larning in groups promote shared support, alteration in behaviour, and job resolution accomplishments and it has important impact on the birth result ( Rising, 1998 ) . The principle for the usage of the model is apparent from the fact that the full construct of group prenatal attention is based on this theoretical account and implicit in premises. In fact, the research job and the intent are besides derived from the same theoretical account, because the intent of the survey is to analyze the impact of group antenatal attention.Hypothesis:The hypothesis to be tested by the survey is officially stated in the article. The hypothesis is derived from the research job and hence predicts that â€Å" babies of adult females in group prenatal attention would hold significantly higher birth weight and be less likely to be delivered preterm compared with those who received single prenatal attention † ( Ickovics et Al, 2003, p. 1052 ) . This is a complex hypothesis as it predicts the relationship between one independent variable ( proviso of group antenatal attention ) , and two independent variables ( birth weight and gestational age ) . The hypothesis can besides be categorized as directional hypothesis, as it predicts the expected way of the relationship between proviso of group prenatal attention, birth weight, and gestational age. Harmonizing to Polit & A ; Beck ( 2008 ) â€Å" a directional hypothesis indicates that the research worker has rational committedness to the hypothesized result, which might ensue in prejudice. † ( p.99 ) . Haber & A ; Cameron ( 2005 ) hence suggest that directional hypothesis should merely be formed on the footing of sound literature groundss and theoretical footing. In this instance, Ickovics et Al ( 2003 ) have got sound literature support, and since group prenatal attention is one of the ways to augment the content of antenatal attention ; hence, the writers have hypothesized that group prenatal attention will take to improved birth weight and gestational age. Besides, there is sound theoretical base to this hypothesis, as it is based on the focus gestation theoretical account. The hypothesis is spelled out clearly and it objectively describes the result variables ( Polit & A ; Back, 2008 ) , that is perinatal results have been quantified and objectively described as birth weight and gestational age.Sampling:Ickovics et Al ( 2003 ) clearly described the population as â€Å" Black and Hispanic pregnant adult females of low socioeconomic position, come ining antenatal attention at 24 or less hebdomads of gestation. † ( p.1051 ) .The writers have besides described in item the features of the sample such as race, age, para, and metropolis of abode. The elaborate and comprehensive description of the sample gives an in deepness apprehension of the sample ‘s features and determines the generalisation of the findings to a specific population based on these features ( Haber & A ; Singh, 2005 ) . In this instance, looking at the features of the sample, the findings can be generalized to black and Latino pregnant adult females of low socioeconomic group, aged 25 or younger, as more than 85 % of the sample consisted of black adult females who were 25 old ages old or younger. Sample ‘s features help in determine heterogeneousness or homogeneousness of the sample ( Haber & A ; Singh, 2005 ) . In this instance, some of the sample ‘s features that had the possible to move as cofounders, for case age, race, para, history of preterm labour and entire fi gure of visits were matched in both the groups. This resulted in homogeneousness among the two groups in footings of the above mentioned features. The matching of the two groups on the footing of these features besides reduced the possible sampling prejudice that could hold resulted if the groups would ‘ve been different in footings of these features and the ensuing wellness behaviours. If the groups were non matched, these differences in groups could hold accounted for the differences in results, instead than intercession itself. Ickovics et Al ( 2003 ) have described the sample choice procedure in item. They have besides indicated the possible sampling prejudice due to miss of randomisation while inscribing topics in group prenatal attention. Women, who voluntarily enrolled themselves in the group antenatal attention programme at the clinics, were recruited as participants in the group that received group prenatal attention. Ickovics et Al ( 2003 ) have besides comprehensively described the controls that they have utilized to minimise trying mistake or trying prejudice, that is, they have indiscriminately selected the comparing group through a computing machine programme on the footing of first available patient with closest bringing day of the month, by fiting some of the features of the intervention group. The clinics from where the topics were recruited were besides selected by non chance trying method, choosing merely those clinics that served minority adult females from low socio economic background. The non chance trying method employed in the survey fits good with the degree of enquiry and design of the survey as Haber & A ; Singh ( 2005 ) supported â€Å" non experimental surveies normally use non chance, purposive sampling method. † ( p. 53 ) The sample size taken by Ickovics et Al ( 2003 ) , that is N=458 is sufficiently big. Each group had 229 research topics. The sufficiency of the sample size was assured by carry oning a power analysis that â€Å" 229 braces had a power of 0.80 to observe a little effectaˆÂ ¦reflecting the ability to observe a difference between the two intervention groups of 155 g. † ( p. 1053 ) . Harmonizing to Burns & A ; Groove ( 2007 ) the power of 0.8 is the minimal acceptable degree of power for any survey.Research Design:Ickovics et Al ( 2003 ) have used cohort design, which is besides known as longitudinal prospective design. The cohort design, which is a non experimental design, is appropriate for the degree of enquiry of the survey. In this the research workers intended to analyze the difference between the results of the adult females who received group perinatal attention versus who received single attention. LoBiondo-Wood, Haber & A ; Singh ( 2005 ) supported that longitudina l design is rather appropriate for proving the difference between the two groups in footings of results variables. However, Ickovics et Al ( 2003 ) could hold used an experimental design for this survey, if they wanted to find the cause and consequence relationship between the group prenatal attention and perinatal results. This would besides hold assured randomisation of topics into intercession and control group and would hold given a higher degree of grounds. However, they may hold chosen non experimental survey design instead than experimental design to analyze the impact of group prenatal attention in a natural scene, and non in a control survey puting. As discussed in the sampling subdivision, possible effects of unwanted variables like race, age, para, metropolis of abode, history of preterm labour, and entire figure of antenatal visits have been controlled by Ickovics et Al ( 2003 ) by fiting the cohorts on the footing of these features, in order to guarantee important inter nal cogency of the survey ( Polit & A ; Beck, 2008 ) . Besides, Ickovics et Al ( 2003 ) have recruited a big sample to guarantee a power of 0.8 for the survey, which is besides one of the ways to maximise the internal cogency of the survey ( Polit & A ; Beck, 2008 ) .Data Collection:Before informations aggregation the research workers have to operationalize the variables of involvement ( Sullivan-Bolyani, et al 2005 ) . Ickovics et Al ( 2003 ) have operationalized gestational age as term or preterm based on the hebdomads of gestation as measured by the last catamenial period and ultrasound. Subjects ‘ demographics information and the figure of antenatal visits were obtained from the medical records of the clinic. It has non been mentioned that who determined gestational age through ultrasound, who measured the newborn ‘s weight, and who retrieved informations from medical records. It is truly of import to cognize who collected informations in order to set up its truth, as the expertness and preparation of the information aggregator has important impact on the rightness and preciseness of informations ( Sullivan-Bolyai et Al, 2005 ) .Quantitative Analysis:Ickovics et Al ( 2003 ) have used both descriptive and illative statistics to analyze the information. Since the intent of the survey was to analyze the differences between the two groups, therefore the illative statistics was used that is McNemar trial, which is appropriate to the degree of enquiry due to fit groups. It is besides appropriate to the cohort design as this design besides intends to mensurate differences between the two groups, in footings of result variables ( Polit & A ; Beck, 2008 ) . The other illative statistical trial used is paired t-test which is besides appropriate for the survey as it is used to prove differences between the agencies of two groups that are matched or paired with each other on the footing of certain features ( Polit & A ; Beck, 2008 ) . Another statistic used in the survey is the F statistic. It appears as if the writers have used F statistic when using multiple additive arrested development because F statistic has been used while bespeaking the interaction consequence between birth weight and preterm bringing ( p. 1054 ) . Linear arrested development is used to explicate how much variableness in result variable is attributable to the independent variable ( Burns & A ; Groove, 2007 ) . The writers have used descriptive statistic to depict the distribution of demographic variables among the topics like age, race and para. They besides have used descriptive analysis to depict the distribution of demographic variables among the distribution of results variables ( birth weight and gestational age ) among the sample. Ickovics et Al ( 2003 ) have used parametric every bit good as non parametric statistics, for case t-test for matched braces is a parametric trial while McNemar trial is a non parametric trial. As few variables have been measured on the ratio degree of measuring, for case figure of antenatal visits, hence Ickovics et Al ( 2003 ) had the autonomy to use parametric statistic. Ickovics et Al ( 2003 ) had measured the result variables of birth weight and gestational age on nominal degree. The birth weight was categorized as low birth weight ( less than 2500 g ) , and really low birth weight ( less than 1500 g ) and the gestational age was categorized as term or preterm ( less than 37 hebdomads of gestation ) . Therefore, research workers were besides able to use non parametric statistic that is McNemar trial ( Polit & A ; Beck, 2008 ) . The consistence in the consequences of descriptive and illative statistics confirms the rightness of the findings ( Polit & A ; Beck, 2008 ) . There is a logical nexus between the statistical analysis and the findings of the survey. Besides, there is consistence in the consequences presented in Numberss and consequence presented in text, for case in the above illustration, the statistical consequence shows p & lt ; 0.01 which is statistically important, and this is good supported by the account that is birth weight was greater in babies of adult females who received group prenatal attention versus single prenatal attention. However, Ickovics et Al ( 2003 ) have non explicitly stated whether they have taken unvarying degree of significance for all the statistical trials performed or are different for each trial, and if so so what is the degree of significance for each trial. The graphical and tabular presentations are accurate and appropriate and lucifers with the findings presented in text ( Sullivan-Bolyayi, et Al, 2005 ) . The statistics presented in these tabular arraies and the graphs are harmonizing to their appropriate degree of measuring. For case in table 2, mean and standard divergences have merely been calculated for the birth weight which is the lone ratio degree informations in that tabular array, the other variables that are at nominal degree of measuring were calculated in per centums ( Sullivan-Bolyayi, et Al, 2005 ) . The writers have non merely established the significance of findings, but they have besides described the clinical significance of the consequences.Decision and Recommendations:The consequences derived from informations analysis are clearly stated and explained with mention to the research inquiry and hypothesis. The findings are stated compactly and the writers have related their findings with the research intent and its i mplicit in premises. Ickovics et Al ( 2003 ) have discussed that the findings can be generalized among adult females who are vulnerable for preterm births. This seems to be an overgeneralization beyond the survey population, because the survey sample and the mark population was black and Latino adult females who were high hazard for preterm birth and were of low socioeconomic position. These findings may non be applicable to all the adult females who are at hazard of preterm births without stipulating their ethnicity and socioeconomic position. Ickovics et Al ( 2003 ) have besides discussed the possible benefits of implementing the findings. The writers have besides recommended that farther research needs to be done for finding the exact mechanisms involved in group prenatal attention that consequences in improved perinatal result. Another recommendation is to widely use group antenatal attention in future, nevertheless, the writers besides appreciate that it is non easy to present such large structural alterations.Strengths and restrictions of the survey:Overall, the survey is a good attempt in analyzing the impact of group antenatal attention on perinatal results. A good formulated hypothesis, relevant and comprehensive literature reappraisal, an in deepness history of sample ‘s features, good thought research design and statistical analysis are strengths of the survey. However, randomisation of topics at the clip of enlisting, employment of research moralss such as voluntary engagement and realistic generalisation of the findings would hold added more strength to it.Appendix 1Pregnancy results: Group vs single prenatal attentionSurveyStudy DesignResults: Group Vs Individual Prenatal CareOR ( 95 % CI )NNTIckovics JR et Al ( 2007 ) . RCT N=1047 Preterm births 0.67 ( 0.44-0.98 ) 25 Preterm births in African American adult females 0.59 ( 0.38-0.92 ) 17 Breastfeeding induction 1.73 ( 1.28-2.35 ) 8 Less-than-adequate prenatal care* 0.68 ( 0.50-0.91 ) 16ARESULTS ( P VALUE )AIckovics JR et Al ( 2003 ) . Matched cohort N=458 Birth weight ( g ) 3228 V 3159 ( P & lt ; .01 )–Preterm birth weight ( g ) 2398 V 1990 ( P & lt ; .05 )–Grady MA et Al ( 2004 ) . Cohort survey with clinic comparing N=124 ( intercession ) Preterm births & lt ; 37 wk ( % ) 10.5 V 25.7 ( P & lt ; .02 ) 7 Low birth weight & lt ; 2500 g ( % ) 8.8 V 22.9 ( P & lt ; .02 ) 7 Breastfeeding at infirmary discharge ( % ) 46 V 28 ( P & lt ; .02 ) 6 Rising ( 1998 ) Descriptive analysis N=111 3rd trimester exigency room visits ( % ) 26 V 74 ( P=.001 ) 2 Baldwin ( 2006 ) 2-group pre-/post-test design N=98 Change in antenatal cognition scoresaˆ 0.98 V 0.4 ( P=.03 )–CI, assurance interval ; NN T, figure needed to handle ; OR, odds ratio. *Kotelchuck Adequacy of Prenatal Care Utilization Index, a validated marking graduated table embracing timing of induction of attention, figure of visits, and quality and content of antenatal attention. Kotelchuck M. An rating of the Kessner Adequacy of Prenatal Care Index and the proposed Adequacy of Prenatal Care Utilization Index. Am J Public Health. 1994 ; 84:1414-1420. Referee: Williams, K.J andA Kaufmann, L ( 2009 ) The diary of household pattern, 58, ( 7 )

The Topic Of This Research Is, Yoga Is A Physical And Mental Process,

The Topic Of This Research Is, Yoga Is A Physical And Mental Process, The Topic Of This Research Is, Yoga Is A Physical And Mental Process, And How Is It Creative And – Annotated Bibliography Example Annotated Bibliography of Annotated Bibliography Tomporowski, P. D., Davis, C. L., Miller, P. H., & Naglieri, J. A. (2008). Exercise and children’s intelligence, cognition, and academic achievement.Educational Psychology Review,  20(2), 111-131.The research explains about the effects of exercise on the mental and cognitive abilities of an individual. It also includes the effects of yoga which can help in developing mental and creative capabilities of young people and adults. Goldberg, L. (2004). Creative Relaxation SM: A Yoga-based program for regular and exceptional student education.  International journal of yoga therapy,  14(1), 68-78. The source explains how Yoga fosters creativity and intellect among those who exercise it. It helps in providing insight about yoga among the masses and boosts their creative capabilities which are useful for the research. Kirkwood, G., Rampes, H., Tuffrey, V., Richardson, J., & Pilkington, K. (2005). Yoga for anxiety: a systematic rev iew of the research evidence.  British Journal of Sports Medicine,  39(12), 884-891.The research has been conducted regarding different pressures which are sustained by human brain and leads improper functionality. It also explains how yoga heals those unhealthy activities and helps in developing intellectual and creative capabilities of human beings. Telles, S., Reddy, S. K., & Nagendra, H. R. (2000). Oxygen consumption and respiration following two yoga relaxation techniques.  Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback,  25(4), 221-227.This research explains about the relaxation techniques which are followed in Yoga. Brain needs oxygen to perform well and through yoga oxygen intake increases which helps in relaxing and developing the brain letting it free from stress which is detrimental to its growth.Gura, S. T. (2002). Yoga for stress reduction and injury prevention at work.Work: A journal of prevention, assessment and rehabilitation,  19(1), 3-7.It explains about benefi ts of yoga on an individual’s brain. It is said to burn out stress. Yoga helps in regeneration and development of brain cells which helps avoiding mental weakness and stress leading to more intellectual and creative work being depicted by an individual at work place.