The Significance of Vietnam War - 1725 Words

The Significance of The Vietnam War Within one generation, The United States have experienced The Second World War, The Korean War and fifteen years of The Cold War crisis. The Vietnam War was the last drop into the cup of American patience. The costs of The Vietnam War were intolerable, because they contravened traditional American values and hopes. In the year 1965, American government announced, with public support, that America is going to win the guerilla war and defeat the global communist conspiracy. It also promised to build free institutions in South-East Asia. Two years later, in the year 1967, the same affair was considered not only as unsuccessful, but also as a gruesome action of the politicians. In one moment, the†¦show more content†¦Strategic bombing, limited war, search-and-destroy strategies, supporting the corrupt indigenous governments - all proved useless in Vietnam. From than on, America would fight only where U.S. goals were clear, public support assured, power overwhelming, and thus victory certain. The Vietnam War also caused American economic instability Ââ€" Johnsons government financed the war without heightening the taxes, which increased the deficit. The government enlarged amounts of money in circulation and therefore started a strong inflation of prices. The growth of inflation has begun in year 1967, when it reached three percent. In the year 1973 it was already nine percent and it exceeded twelve percent only one year later. The unemployment was, in the beginning of Nixons governing season, 3.3 percent, but it grew to six percent in the year 1970. The economy was being destroyed for the rest of the decade. Another new phenomenon, which The Vietnam War had brought to America, was students disturbances and riots; at the end of the sixties, protests of the students became a world trend. In America, this trend was to be seen firstly in 1960 and 1961, when a noticeable number of students took part in peaceful Ââ€" at least for the time being Ââ€" strikes. Later, more and more young people felt disappointed with the governments attitude towards the contemporary situation. The pervasive deception by the government about the war created a huge increase ofShow MoreRelated The Significance of Vietnam War Essays1698 Words   |  7 Pages The Significance of The Vietnam War Within one generation, The United States have experienced The Second World War, The Korean War and fifteen years of The Cold War crisis. The Vietnam War was the last drop into the cup of American patience. The costs of The Vietnam War were intolerable, because they contravened traditional American values and hopes. In the year 1965, American government announced, with public support, that America is going to win the guerilla war and defeat the â€Å"global communistRead MoreThe Significance of Television as a Propaganda Tool During the Vietnam War1656 Words   |  7 PagesThe Vietnam War has become remembered as a war that captured the American public’s hearts and minds through the distressing images that were shown on the television every night. With the world being entrenched in a Cold War America wished to continue its war against the threat of Communism even if it took them to parts of the globe that were not of direct significance to American society. To never appear as though America was involved with the direct fighting, the government sent military advisorsRead MorePresident Lyndon B. Johnson s Great Society1248 Words   |  5 Pages-War on Poverty As part of president Lyndon B. Johnson’s â€Å"Great Society†, which focused on improving the quality of life among all Americans, he initiated the War on Poverty during the 1960s. The War on Poverty was built by using government funding to improve poverty-stricken areas of the country and to start â€Å"...a new food stamp program, giving poor people greater choice in obtaining food, and rent supplements that provided alternatives to public housing projects for some poor families.(Roark, PgRead MoreAnalysis of Important Quotes in The Things They Carried1202 Words   |  5 Pages1. â€Å"In any war story, especially a true one, it’s difficult to separate what happened from what seemed to happen. What seems to happen becomes its own happening and has to be told the way. â€Å" (71) Significance: This quote describes the entire style in which the book is written. Tim O’ Brien writes the novel as though it is a memoir, but this isn’t the case. In the copyright information, readers learn that most of the events, with a few small exceptions, were fabricated. Once the reader knows thisRead MoreEssay on Conflict in Indochina1156 Words   |  5 Pagesand self-nationalism in Vietnam was evident as early as the 15th century, when historian Nguyen Trai stated â€Å"although we have been at times strong, and at times weak, we have always been Vietnamese and this will never change.† The importance and significance of nationalism and establishing a sense of self-determination was of vital concernment to the Vietnamese, in both the North and South of the country. The Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North) and the Republic of Vietnam (South) were both drivingRead MoreEffects Of The War On Vietnamese Children854 Words   |  4 Pages War is always a wo rd which reminds Vietnamese people of an unforgettable pain in Vietnamese history. According to a statistics, there were 800000 to more than 3.1 million people who were dead in Vietnam War. A hundred of billion dollars were poured into Vietnam War such as weapons, equipment, nourishment, etc. The War has left serious consequences for every single Vietnamese people until now. Not only had it affected men, women, the old who involved directly in the battle, but it also caused aRead MoreEssay On The Things They Carried1629 Words   |  7 PagesThe Things They Carried, reflects the saga of drafted soldiers during the Vietnam era who were sent to the Vietnam War. The author, Tim O’Brien, describes the things that the men carry during their tour of duty. The items carried are both physical and impalpable items and what these things are is subject to the individual soldier. They carry the necessities for survival in the jungles of Vietnam as well as the personal things each soldier feels necessary to make life as comfortable as possibleRead MoreThe Vietnam War Of Vietnam1573 Words   |  7 PagesA. The Vietnam War occurred from 1955-1975, this included the North and South fighting over government structure of the newly independent state of Vietnam, having recently become independent from France. However, the USA was in Vietnam as a sort of protection for the South Vietnamese people, who had a weaker army force, but only a few thousand Americans were in Vietnam for that purpose at the time. On August 7, 1964, the USA entered the war for the purpose of fighting the North Vietnamese due toRead MoreSignificant Elements Of Joseph Conrad s Heart Of Darkness1326 Words   |  6 Pagesthe setting of the jungles of Vietnam during the Vietnam War. As the title suggests, Conrad’s novel deeply explores the ‘darkness’ potentially inherent in people’s hearts. Heart of Darkness is set on the Congo River during the European occupation of Africa. C onrad explores the effect of exploitation on humanity. Similarly, Coppola’s film explores the metaphorical ‘darkness’ in Vietnam that causes the ‘apocalypse’ in the soldiers’ hearts, when they were sent to Vietnam. Coppola’s film itself is a metaphorRead MoreRoles Of Women During The Vietnam War1291 Words   |  6 PagesThe roles of women and men in the Vietnam War varied greatly due the stereotypical characterizations of society. While women were not included in the draft, protected from its brutality and tragedies, men were forced from their homes, enlisted in the army. In O’Brien’s The Things They Carried, women are portrayed as apathetic towards Vietnam soldiers. They are the homebound sex, too fragile and moral to be aware of the world outside their own, and unable to empathize with the emotional baggage that

Essay about Analysis of Beethoven Symphony 3 and Mozart...

Beethoven Symphony No. 3 and Mozart Symphony 40 Forms Sonata form is one of the more popular forms of music that is found in a variety of different works including symphonies, concertos, and sonatas. Sonata form features three distinct sections: the exposition, development, and recapitulation. Mozart was one of the early composers of this form of music. I will examine the clear distinctions between each section and how he does not stray from the typical form. In later years the form would change to become more fluent and focused on the growth and expansion of the piece. This progression of change was led by the works of Beethoven and the changes can be clearly seen in his grandiose works. By comparing the first movement of Symphony†¦show more content†¦The recapitulation is much like the exposition, except it does not modulate. All of these sections can be seen in the Mozart and Beethoven movements that are being analyzed and relatively easy to identify. In the Mozart symphony, sections defined by strong cadences. An easy e xample would be at the end of the exposition where there is a PAC in ms. 99. Following that is a rest and then an appearance of F-sharp minor. This is the beginning of the development. The end of the development ends with a huge forte with a pedal tone and a cadence at ms. 160. The wind section quietly brings the section to a close as the strings reintroduce the primary theme back in the original key of G minor. These large sections are not likely to be mistaken. Beethoven too has clearly defined the large sections of the sonata form. His exposition begins after two opening chords with the theme in the cello section. The exposition closes with full orchestral chords in a perfect authentic cadence around ms. 144-148 and after a short link/transition the development begins at ms. 166. The development closes with huge orchestral chords. The big pictures for Mozart and Beethoven line up, but a closer and deeper look reveal that the small sections are quite different. Mozarts smalle r sections continue to remain clearly defined, but Beethoven tends to blur it all together. In a typical exposition, we expect to findShow MoreRelatedCity Symphony Orchestra870 Words   |  4 PagesCase: City Symphony Orchestra The City Symphony Orchestra is a branch of the Center for Performing Arts. It performs regular concerts throughout the year and has been reasonably profitable in the past. However, in recent years, concert attendance has been declining and the Orchestra is looking for ways to boost attendance. The traditional customers of the Orchestra have been the older and more affluent segment of the population that live in the suburbs. The recent boom in the high-tech sectorRead MoreThe SUmmer of a Jupiter Symphony Essay2410 Words   |  10 PagesJupiter Symphony The year is 1788 as Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart began to work on his last three symphonies during a time of strife for musicians as the Austro-Turkish War continues to war on in Austria. Tired from moving his family from central Vienna to the suburbs of Alsergrund all while in debt to his ears as he continued to borrow money from friends including a fellow mason, Michael Puchberg, Mozart finished his final symphony on August 10, 1788. This piece, nicknamed the â€Å"Jupiter Symphony,† coinedRead MoreCharacteristics of the Romantic Music Period Essay2477 Words   |  10 Pagesconcluding with strategies for listening to this music today. Some of the music which can be used to illustrate these changes are specific works by Beethoven, a composer, who is viewed as a major influence on the music of the nineteenth century. This can be evidenced by the Grove article on Romanticism, which deems it to be widely accepted that Beethoven â€Å"inaugurated a ‘Romantic era’â⠂¬ [ii]. The demands of Romantic music are characterised by several key changes. These changes can be summarised as follows:Read MoreDecision Theory: a Brief Introduction28334 Words   |  114 PagesModern sequential models ...........................................................9 2.3 Non-sequential models.................................................................10 2.4 The phases of practical decisions – and of decision theory.........12 3. Deciding and valuing................................................................................13 3.1 Relations and numbers .................................................................13 3.2 The comparative value terms ...................Read MoreManagement Challenges for the 21st Century.Pdf60639 Words   |  243 PagesiiManagement Challenges for the 21st Century PETER F. DRUCKER Contents Introduction: Tomorrow’s â€Å"Hot† Issues 1 Management’s New Paradigms 2 Strategy—The New Certainties 3 The Change Leader 4 Information Challenges 5 Knowledge-Worker Productivity 6 Managing Oneself Acknowledgments About the Author Books By Peter F. Drucker Credits Front Cover Copyright About the Publisher iii Introduction: Tomorrow’s â€Å"Hot† Issues Where, readers may ask, is the discussion of COMPETITIVE STRATEGY

Library Assignment Free Essays

ENGL 111 English Composition Statewide Online Course Library Assignment IvyTilt Activity 1 Getting Started HINT: Instead of printing out this document, view it online. That way you can click on the embedded links to go to the various links and tutorials. Before starting these activities, be sure your computer has Macromedia Flash Player and Adobe Shockwave installed. We will write a custom essay sample on Library Assignment or any similar topic only for you Order Now Most Ivy Tech regions have access to the main Virtual Library screens, but if there is a problem accessing your local library, you may be able to access material discussed and assigned below through the Central Indiana Library page more reliably. Also read  Modules 9 10 That address is: http://wwwcc. ivytech. edu/library/central-indiana/index. html IvyTilt Activity 1—Tutorials 1, 2, and 6 For this first library assignment, you will complete three IvyTilt modules. Go to the IvyTilt website at http://faculty. ivytech. edu/~smclaugh/ivytilt/choice. html and select the three modules you are going to do for Activity 1. 1. Starting Smart (Module 1)—This tutorial is an introduction to using the Virtual Library. Review it carefully so you understand the terms that will be used in later modules. 2.Choosing a Topic (Module 2)—This tutorial will help you create workable topics for searches and later writing. Remember—a good topic is not found; it is developed. 3. Citing Sources (Module 6)—Never mind modules 3, 4, and 5 for now. Jump to Module 6 and get some insight into how to cite a borrowed idea in the body of your paper and how to list the source of that idea at the end of your paper. At the end of each module is a brief quiz. The quizzes are self-assessments to see how well you have mastered the information in the tutorial. You should take the quizzes for Modules 1, 2, and 6 and copy and paste the results page for each quiz into a file on your computer once you have scored at least 90% on each quiz. Please note that the library server does NOT keep copies of your quiz results and the library quiz does NOT link directly to Blackboard. You must COPY PASTE each results page into a file on your computer in order to submit the completed quizzes to your instructor. If you score less than 90% on any of the three quizzes, review the tutorial and retake the quiz for that module. Do not submit a quiz if your score is below 90%, but review the material until you better understand the material and can score at least 90%. Quizzes with scores of less than 90% will not receive credit. How to submit the quizzes to your instructor:  ·Collect the results of the three quizzes using COPY PASTE.  ·Collect your results in one file and name your file something like: â€Å"IvyTilt_1_Mynamehere. † Be sure your name is in the file name. Do not use symbols like # in the file name.  ·Submit the file via the â€Å"Library Assignment—Ivy Tilt Activity 1† link for this assignment in Session 3. For detailed instructions on how to submit your file using this link see the â€Å"Student Guide to Blackboard† by clicking on the â€Å"Start Here† tab on the left, and then clicking on â€Å"Step 3: Help with Blackboard Technology† link, and then clicking on the â€Å"Blackboard Student Guide† attachment.  ·Once your file is submitted, you will see a green exclamation mark for Library Activity 1 under â€Å"My Grades. † This exclamation mark will change to a score after your instructor grades your assignment.  ·All quizzes are due no later than the end of Session 3. Scoring: 3 quizzes with scores 90% or higher|10 points| quizzes with scores 90% or higher|7 points| 1 quiz with score 90% or higher|4 points| 0 quizzes with score 90% or higher|0 points| Additional Library Information and Practice Review the following websites for further information about citation in MLA and/or APA style. Bookmark pages that are useful to you: http://library. alb any. edu/usered/cite/index. html This site provides general information on APA and MLA style and instructions on how to use â€Å"Citation Generators† effectively. http://owl. english. purdue. edu/ The Purdue University Online Writing Lab (OWL) offers a searchable index that can help with MLA and APA manuscript styles. The links for manuscript styles are in the upper right zone of that page. http://wwwcc. ivytech. edu/shared/shared_hlibrarycc/Images/VL_Live/clip1_fin. html View the captured-screen video that introduces the Virtual Library sign-in and opening page. You should plan to sign into and use the Virtual Library as a regular part of your work for this class. http://library. acadiau. ca/tutorials/plagiarism/ This interactive and fun tutorial from the Vaughan Memorial Library at Acadia University walks you through specific examples of documenting sources and avoiding plagiarism with your student companions Dylan, Emma, Tyler, and Maiko. How to cite Library Assignment, Papers

Marketing & Entrepreneurship Of Optus †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Entrepreneurship Of Optus. Answer: Company background Optus is regarded as the second largest telecommunication company of Australia which has its head quarters in Sydney. Optus is owned entirely by Singtel Group, which is regarded as Asias leading Communications Company and Optus is an important contributor to the revenue of the company. Optus is a popular brand in Australia and its reach is almost everywhere. In order to offer services to the customers the company owns network infrastructure, along with that wholesale services of theNational Broadband Networkas well asTelstra is also used by Optus to deliver services(Wright and Snook 2016). Optus does not only provide communication network to the end customers there are other companies like ExetelandAmaysim to which Optus serves as a wholesaler. Optus is the largest satellite wholesaler in Australia it provides satellite services and is involved in manufacturing 4G mobiles as well. Along with telecommunication a subsidiary of the company is yes brand which provides broadband and wireless internet services as well (optus.com.au 2017). The company positions itself as an entity that encourages and promotes investment and innovation, with the wide array of products and services and collaboration with a plethora of collaborations it proves that it supports and promotes sustainability and betterment of the society Product and services of Optus: Telecommunication: Owned by communication giant SingTel the telecommunication is the primary service that Optus offers the Australian community. It offers lucrative deals and offers for the customers on a regular basis. Internet broadband and wireless services: Recent addition to the connection id the 4G network which allows super fast internet connection. The company provides the consumers in offers and deals in broadband and also in wireless service for domestic or commercial purpose. E-Commerce: Optus has an e-commerce site as well which is very colorful and descriptive. The user interface is easy and there are several mobile devices that are available with discounts and offers along with the complementary connectivity services. In the website there are several bundle options for data network, tablet plans, pre-booking of several new Smartphone option is also available in the Optus website (optus.com.au 2017). Wholesale service: The satellite service is a wholesale business providing connectivity to several other platforms. The telecommunication infrastructure is also shared with other companies to provide back up for the companies who lack infrastructure of their own. Optus Sport channel: This is a new offering of the company for the sports lovers so that they can enjoy sports at any point of time using any mobile devices (Wright and Snook 2016). References: optus.com.au. 2017.Home page. [online] Available at: https://www.optus.com.au/ [Accessed 21 Sep. 2017]. Wright, T. and Snook, C.J., 2016.Digital Sense: The Common Sense Approach to Effectively Blending Social Business Strategy, Marketing Technology, and Customer Experience. John Wiley Sons.

Frederick Douglas To Thomas Jefferson Essays - Popular Sovereignty

Frederick Douglas To Thomas Jefferson September 26, 1999 Dear Mr. Jefferson: Throughout much of my life I was a slave to the white man. I was, however, luckier than most. I was able to become a freeman, and have since dedicated my life to the abolition of slavery and oppression in this country. This oppression lives on because of the hypocritical nature in which this countrys founding fathers, including you, outlined their independence. Many times throughout your most patriotic document, The Declaration of Independence, you contradict yourself and the ideas that are presented. It appears that the ideals you present are only for those with a white skin such as yours. All other people, for example the American Negro, are not even considered people in your white wigged world. We are only property to be bought and sold accordingly, with no regard for our families, friends, or personal beliefs. These are aspects of life that you and I both fought for, but are reserved only for you. To begin with, in your Declaration of Independence you state, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. Although this statement is bold and gives many of your people a sense of patriotism, I see no patriotism in it. Where is my life and liberty and how do you expect me to pursue happiness when I am treated with the same respect that you give your cattle? Additionally, if the government receives its power from the people why am I not heard? The Negroes are the most governed people in this nation, yet they have no say in how they are governed. This seems to contradict the entire basis of your great democratic system. I must assume then that we are not considered to be men in your eyes. I find this hard to believe as well. If you do not consider us to be men then why does your government count us as three-fifths of a person for their census figures? Even more importantly, if we are not men, how can you have a child with one us? You did in fact have an illegitimate child with one of your slaves, didnt you? Are we only men when it is convenient for you? This appears to be the case. If you would open your mind a little you would see that Negroes can become much more. Look at what some of your freed slaves have become. They are, as I stated in a recent speech, merchants and secretaries, having among us lawyers, doctors, ministers, poets, authors, editors, orators, and teachers. As can be seen, we have the mental capability to become anything that your people have become. We are, however, so oppressed that it is difficult for us to show this intelligence, because we are given no means to become educate d. In your Declaration of Independence, closely following the rights that you consider to be unalienable you state, That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive to these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government. This statement gave me cause to close a recent speech by saying, for the love of God, tear away, and fling from you the hideous monster, and let the weight of twenty million crush and destroy it forever. Through this statement and the rest of speech I was illustrating that the government you created is strong in many respects, but needs to be restructured to include Negroes as people not the property you see them as. We need not abolish our current government; we must only alter it, as you state the people must do if the government does not honor the God given rights of a people. In order for this Union to be the nation you and I envision it to be, we cannot oppress those that can be of great aid to our nation. We must reevaluate our political system and fix those hypocrisies that exist within

Definition and Usage of the French Word Enchanté

Definition and Usage of the French Word Enchantà © French has long had an influence on the English language. The two languages  share the same  alphabet  and a number of  true cognates. But, the biggest influence of French on the English language may be the number of words- such  as  enchantà ©- that have been passed from the former to the latter tongue. The French word enchantà © is an adjective, but you are likely to use the term to express delight when meeting someone new. Definitions: Enchantà ©Ã‚  vs. Enchant The word  enchantà © in French means enchanted, delighted, overjoyed, smitten, or bewitched. In English, the word enchant means to influence by charms and incantation, to  bewitch, attract, move deeply, or rouse to ecstatic admiration. The similarities in the French and English terms are clear. The spellings are quite similar, but the pronunciations are a bit different. The word enchantà © is pronounced [a(n) sha(n) tay] in French. Not surprisingly, the English word enchant has an origin dating back centuries, having derived from its sister word  enchantà ©Ã‚  in French. Origin of Enchantà ©Ã‚  and Enchant The  Oxford Living Dictionaries  notes that the modern English term enchant actually comes from  Middle English, the language spoken in England from about 1100 to 1500. Enchant is derived from the late Middle English term meaning to put under a spell and delude. The term was originally spelled incant in Middle English, as in an incantation.​ Before that, the English word derived from the French term, enchanter, which in turn originated from the Latin incantare, meaning in   cantere,  to sing.  The French term  enchanter  is the infinitive form of the word, meaning to enchant, to delight, to be overjoyed, or to bewitch. Examples of  Enchantà © To gain a fuller understanding of  enchantà ©, it may be helpful to see how the term is used in French and translated into English. French Sentence(s) English Translation Je suis enchantà © de cette pià ¨ce. I'm delighted by this play. "Voici mon frà ¨re David.""Enchantà ©." "This is my brother David.""Nice to meet you." Cette forà ªt est enchantà ©e. This forest is enchanted. Note how, in the first two examples,  enchantà ©Ã‚  is translated as delighted or nice (as in delighted to meet you). The word, nice by itself translates as  agrà ©able  in French. The word nice only translates as  enchantà ©Ã‚  in the context of expressing delight or enchantment upon meeting someone. Enchantà © in French Literature The notion of enchantment has a firm grounding in French literature.  Ã‚  William C. Carter,  in his book, Marcel Proust: A Life, said that the famous French novelist always sought to enchant his readers: His intently seductive voice is similar to Walt Whitmans, whose sounds and words constantly seem to urge the reader to lie with him and exchange caresses. This brings you back, then, to the original meaning of the term  enchantà ©, meaning to bewitch or cast a spell on, which certainly makes it an alluring term. So, the next time you are searching for just the right word when you meet someone new, use the term  enchantà ©Ã‚  to show your delight at meeting that person or to cast a spell as you draw in your reader or listener.

Questions in law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Questions in law - Essay Example The magistrate courts are the basic legal structure in the courts hierarchy. Magistrate courts handle immediate cases such as crime and low valued civil cases. County courts are next in line after the magistrate courts and they handle complicated cases. Cases that cannot be handled in county courts are referred to the crown courts. The High Court deals with criminal cases that cannot be handled at lower courts. The court of appeal handles appeals for cases passed by the High Court or other lower courts. The Supreme Court is the highest court in the English legal system and it handles cases that involve the state (Best, 2007, p. 132). Ratio decidendi is a Latin term applied in courts to imply the basis of a decision. These are principles used by judges to make decisions in a court ruling. In addition, ratio decidendi create a binding precedent. Such precedent binds inferior courts to decision-making principle applied in a superior court. On the other hand, Obiter dicta is a Latin word meaning â€Å"other things said†. Obiter dicta provide principles for decision making in a law court. Unlike ratio decidendi, obiter dicta does not have a binding precedent. Overruling involves declaring pervious case ruling incorrect and terminating their application in current courts case. However, overruling does not have an effect on the previous court decisions. On the other hand, revising involves revisiting a previous court decisions. Revising takes place at the court of appeal and it can overturn a court ruling. Distinguishing is the process whereby a court analyzes the facts and principles of a binding precedent to establish their applicability in a current case. Distinguishing is applied to avoid mistakes and inconveniences committed at earlier rulings. Under section 2(a) of the contract Act 1950, an offer indicates the willingness of a person or a party to do or abstain from doing something. On the other hand, an invitation involves making a proposal for an

Module 4 Case Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Module 4 Case - Assignment Example Clorox is an international company with various popular brands for use in households with products for bleach and cleaning. Brands like Green Works provides various products of cleaning, Ayudin and Poett offer home care products, Kingsford’s charcoal, Hidden Valley and K C Masterpiece’s sauces and dressings, Brita provides water filtration products, dilutable cleaner from Pine-Sol, cat litter from Fresh Step, Glad Bags offers containers and wraps and personal care products are provided by Burt’s Bees. The company manufactures various products in more than 24 countries and products are sold in 100 countries (The Clorox Company, 2014). Alaska Air Group, Inc. is a holding company of Alaska Airlines and Horizon air. It is a Seattle based company which serves more than 90 places in the United States, Mexico and Canada. It was founded as Delaware company in 1985. It offers the customers to book flights, cars, vacation packages, hotels and to check route maps and schedule of flights. It also offers lucrative packages in destination like Hawaii, Las Vegas, Disneyland and Mexico (Alaska Airlines, 2014). According to the balance sheet of the company the current assets of the company is $23284 million in the year 2013, and in 2012 it was $21398 million. The long term asset of the company is $18204 million in 2013, and in 2012 it was $15675 million (Bloomberg, 2014). The total current asset of the company is $1420 million in 2013 and in the year 2012 it was $1376 million. The long term asset of the company is $2891 million in the year 2013 and in 2012 it was $2979 million (Bloomberg, 2014). The total current asset of the company is $1762 million in the year 2013 and in the year 2012 it was $1737 million. The long term asset of the company is $4076 million in the year 2013 and in the year 2012 it was $3768 million (Bloomberg, 2014). According to the balance sheet of the company the current

Make a connection or disconnection between 2 readings. Name the Essay

Make a connection or disconnection between 2 readings. Name the readings and the connection and develop that idea - Essay Example The paper at hand intends to pinpoint themes, events, concepts, people and many more captivating things that make the essay. The first way in which the Carr from the ancient world portrays himself is Google for example when men ask for explanation after going through the book. Google does not seem to have dominated the essay in in his piece in terms of the content. The essay is about another book and it has a lot about each person’s future. When the boy reads the book, he finds it very interesting and decides to read another one by the same author but unfortunately, someone starts buying the books thus few units left and the only left option is online libraries. The search becomes an obsession that leads him to knowing everything about the author. This includes his love life, parentage and childhood. Carr discovers everything from the happenings of Google to the book burnings. Apart from the mystery being worth unraveling, the book is also interesting and very educative. For o ne to understand the book, it is important to understand the author. The book becomes more interesting when a man with a burnt face shadows Carr’s search. The essay by Carr instills fear to many and the more the two scenarios come in, people begin to dream with the book and it gets horrible. This continues as stories and everything begins to have the same meaning. People get the inception that a burnt face will haunt every search. People fear because of the past and this makes people hold back to unraveling the secrets of the present. Many kids, want to play the role of Carr in the contemporary world and in the process, these children become obsessed. The future is the present life, the present life makes the future therefore every secret of the present, and the shadows of the past greatly affect the future. The importance of the setting in this essay for example relates to other search. This emphasizes patriarchal violence threat just like the foreground. This is similar to threatening of the sons by the legacy of their fathers. The adopted and biological sons fear literary when trying to become real men like their fathers. The setting is also important because the sons and readers have the need to negotiate the difficult terrain of the inheritance from the parents. The occurrences of the book depict the life in the new technological and digital trend and the readers move away from the book and start a life in the country. The book is that significant. In life, every person in one way or another goes through the life that Carr went through or what the author wrote. There is love life, dreams, threatening and people try to become like their fathers and fore fathers to secure the legacy. People may not believe in supernatural but the setting of the book provides excellent materials for the purposes of literature. Stories that have ghosts as characters help in exploration of symbolic and atavistic elements in every narrative including the shadow of the wi nd. The title of the book makes one to read it to see how the wind has a shadow. Selections from into the world Jon Krakauer is telling the story of Chris McCandles who had interest in among other things recording Alexander Super tramp. The relationship between the two is that this is one person but writing under a different allows the author write what he would not be in a position to do because of fallacies. This makes the two scenes fall under the

Media Coverage of US-Pakistan Relations | Literature Review

Media Coverage of US-Pakistan Relations | Literature Review CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW: The literature review is the lift off for any research. A literature review can be called as a logical search and investigation of published data regarding some specific study area. It is prepared bestowing to the research objective, thesis, the issue and problems that a researcher wishes to deal with and try to resolve it. Literature review contributes the knowledge in the different area of concentration and diminishes the chances of the replication of ideas. Most importantly, it helps the direction of research scope to display to maximize the reward in research. Literature Review is a substantial step in any research procedure and has an extended list of benefits that often approved by the research scientists around the world. Wimmer and Dominick (1994) say â€Å"It’s not only allows to learn from (and eventually add to) previous research but also saves time, effort and money. (p.24) The US makes their policy according to their interest and close relation with the countries. US Inclusion always depends on the Feelings of the US. The favor and disfavor depends on the US Interest. According to the research and study on the policies of US the conclusion Dr. Syed Abdul Syed Abdul got US media news framing of other country‘s image depends upon the degree of US interest in that country as well as the US foreign policy. Media representation of the host country is usually the dominant ideology of foreign countries, Yu and Riffe (1988) reflects that Reporting was often motivated by ideology than newsworthy. The ideology of a society, Shoemaker and Reese (1991 p.186) serves as the binding force of a tool. News is basically built for people in a given society. The world of reality is different from the media, then social reality. Shoemaker and Reese (1991), the news created a social product but a reflection of an objective reality, (p.186), respectively. Ramaprasad and Majid (1995) as the product of socially constructed, news is affected by a number of factors that claim, that is, these factors are a particular society. Several studies have been conducted by a number of researchers and scholars on the Pak-India relations. Hull (1989) advocates the ideology of media influences, political, economic, and ideological and cognitive simplification is a fascinating process (p.1) describes the state they are open the symbolic impact of ideology, the media audience, the media, our definition focuses attention on the judges and the symbolic power legitimation and exercise (p. 309) According to the research of critical analysis, international news, the U.S. media, largely based on foreign policy. (Merrill 1995 Lent, 1977), and a large media business and international relations of the government, is supposed to be a tool to support the national point of view. Chang, 1988, 1989; Dorogi, 2001, Yu and Riffe, 1988 by all U.S. mainstream media coverage of international news confirm that the U.S. governments foreign policy has been unfailing. Likewise, the news gathering resources is often international reporting restrictions, Z. Peng (2004) rely on government sources for the media drive. Americans view of the outside world is often based on the mainstream media Similar Chang (1988) claim. In this regard, Merrill, (1995), the positive and negative images in the media world, inspiring the minds of people arguing. Similarly, Perlmutter (1998). The perception of the American people scattered in other parts of the world can be easily established by the American news media . Makreeta lahtithe (2002) conducted a research on â€Å"Policies of the United States towards the Indian and the Pakistani Nuclear Weapons Programs†. The aim of this study was to explore the policies of the US towards the nuclear weapons programs of Pakistan and India. Researcher consider the nuclear programs of both India and Pakistan as well as US policies towards both of them because the two nuclear programs have been dependent on each other and can best be understood in connection to each other. Researcher employed the content analysis as he used books, articles, and statements about geopolitical and Realist theories, US non-proliferation policies, and the South Asian nuclear weapons programs. The researcher found that the US policies could only have been successful had they addressed the reasons behind the Indian and the Pakistan nuclear weapons. The US view on the reasons for Indian and Pakistani nuclear weapons has also framed the US attitudes and policy choices in that that certain reasons to acquire nuclear weapons can seem to the US more justified than others. The acquisition of nuclear weapons as an attempt to improve the otherwise unsatisfactory national security can seem to be a more acceptable reason than for example the hope to become a great power. Zahid Yousaf (2013) conducted a research on the â€Å"coverage of the Pak-India relations in the national press of Pakistan† the main objective of this study was to investigate the coverage of the relations between Pakistan and India in the national press of Pakistan for this study four newspapers two English (Daily Times and The Nation) and two Urdu (Daily Jang and Nawa i Waqt) are selected to analyze the relations between the two countries. Researcher used the agenda setting theory in this study and the media agenda is tried to conclude. The content method is used to study the contents of the editorials of the selected newspapers from June 2013 to August 2013. The study demonstrate that Pakistani media has covered all the issues keeping the Indian response in front regarding the selected issues. On the basis of the findings of the study we can analyze that Pakistani media has shown maturity while addressing the issues and also showed patriotism while covering the Pak-India r elations. The study was a summing up of the role of the newspapers regarding Pak-India relations. Newspapers do not seem to have performed their expected role in reflecting the two countries, strategies and operations. The English newspapers have been blamed for giving less than the Urdu newspapers coverage to the main issues between the two countries. According to the newspapers the major reason behind the tense relations between Pakistan and India is the Kashmir dispute, the Kashmir issue has given birth to many other issues like water, cross-border insurgency and the incidents of terrorism. The newspapers have also failed to give the negative coverage the trade, sports, and showbiz. It seems to strange that on the one side Indian forces are massacring or better to say committing genocide in Kashmir and Indian secret agencies are always busy for working out bomb blasts in Pakistan and on the other side Pakistan is strengthening its relations with India regarding Showbiz, trade and sports: the press should also give a considerable coverage to the maltreatment of the Indian Muslim by the Indian Government. The press can play a vital role to inspire the spirit of â€Å"Jahad† among the Pakistanis as there is no other way to get Kashmir independence. Umbreen Javaid Qamar Fatima conducted a research on the â€Å"US Foreign Policy Parameters towards Pakistan and India (2001-2008)†.The objective of this study was to illustrate the parameters of us policy towards Pakistan and India .The US foreign policy has passed through many phases, as such from one of complete requisitioning to that of active involvement in world affairs both militarily and non-militarily. The two key South Asian States i.e. Pakistan and India despite being situated halfway across the sphere from America have had the crucial consequences of these changes. During the Cold War, US in acquirement of its containment policy of Soviet Union supported Pakistan to fight communism and it required close collaboration with India to gain access to its large market for American goods and investment potential. But the impressive changes came in the get up of momentous events of September 11, 2001 which brought both the countries on the top of American foreign policy ag enda. According to the researcher’s view point both India and Pakistan equally attracted attention, because the both important South Asian states promised to help America in the Global War on Terrorism. The Bush team’s policies towards Pakistan were shaped by the need to fighting terrorism through whatever means necessary while the policies towards India continued on the basis to shape an anticipated natural alliance between world’s two largest democracies. Researcher describe that the US identified a new global enemy, terrorists and their networks, and pitched a War against all those that intimidate world peace. Bush Jr sustained the same policy parameters with minor changes during both the term of office. Manzoor, U. (2002). Was conducted a research on the â€Å"Editorial Coverage of Pakistan stand during Pak-India war tension (2001-2002) in Dawn and Nawa i Waqt† .The chiefly aim of the study was to investigate the Pakistan’s stand against India in the crucial war situations are in favor or not. Researcher used the content analysis the qualitative and quantitative method to explore the conflict between both countries. According to the researcher press of Pakistan is too much concerned with the global issues mainly Urdu press that is more concerned than the English press. He added contends that Pakistani press is fully free even to criticize the government but patriotism is also there in the Pakistani press. In the study it was resolute to find out the attitude of the Pakistani press towards the government’s stance that whether it has favored the government in conflict situation with India or not favored. And also the trade relation between both the countries is also concerned. Murad Ali (2009) conducted a study on â€Å"US Foreign Aid to Pakistan and Democracy†. This study examined the United States (US) bilateral aid flows to Pakistan from 1947 to 2006 to determine the extent to which the assistance has been linked with the strengthening of democracy in Pakistan vis-à  -vis US perceived geo-strategic and security interests. Comparing the allocation of US economic and military aid to democratic and dictatorial regimes in Pakistan (in terms of total, average annual, and per capita per year), the researcher found that US aid shows a consistent pattern of high flows for military dictatorships and low or negligible flows for democratic governments, indicating that US aid has not been used to promote democracy in Pakistan; in fact, it has undermined it. The research explored that the US has maintained warm cooperative relationships with military dictators to use Pakistan to pursue its own political, security and geo-strategic goals. Researcher concluded that the US has hardly shown any concern for democracy in Pakistan where its own geo-strategic goals have been at stake. This analysis reinforces the view that every time the US has required Pakistan’s support to achieve its own geo-political goals, it has shown no hesitation in embracing military dictators. Shabir G, Hussain T, Iqbal YW (2014) conducted a research on the â€Å"Portrayal of Pakistan in the New York Times and the Washington Post: A Study of Editorials during 2008 to 2010.† the main objective of the study to investigate the slant of coverage about Pakistan. Gathered data shows that the portrayal of Pakistan during Feb 2008 to Jan 2010 in The New York Times and The Washington Post remained positive which proved that the American media support the American government foreign policies. Researcher uses the quantitative and qualitative method to dig out the results. The Findings of the research shows that the New York Times and The Washington Post newspapers published 89 editorials comprised on 767 paragraphs about Pakistan in planned era of research. The Washington Post published 54 (60.67%) editorials; comprised on 449 paragraphs while The New York Times published 35 (39.33%) editorials; comprised on 318 paragraphs which shows that The Washington post give more editori al coverage to Pakistan than The New York Times. The data shows that The Washington post published 25 (28.08%) favorable editorials; comprised on 174 paragraphs, 22 (24.27%) unfavorable editorials; comprised on 157 paragraphs and 7 (7.87%) neutral editorials; comprised on 118 paragraphs while The New York Times published 12 (13.49%) favorable editorials; comprised on 98 paragraphs, 10 (11.24%) unfavorable editorials; comprised on 93 paragraphs and 13 (14.60%) neutral editorials; comprised on 127 paragraphs. The overall editorial coverage of The Washington post about Pakistan during planned period of research remained positive while in New York Times it remained neutral. Both newspapers published 41.57% positive, 35.91% negative and 22.47% neutral editorials. So these results shows that the overall ratio of coverage about Pakistan remained positive and it disproved the hypothesis. â€Å"The overall ratio of unfavorable coverage about Pakistan would be greater than the favorable cove rage in The New York Times and The Washington Post†. The findings of the research support media conformity theory as; American media follows the American government foreign policies and portrayed positive frame of Pakistan. Muhammad Sikandar Sultan(2013) Conducted a study on the â€Å" Portrayal of Pak-US Relations in elite press of Pakistan and United States during Raja Pervaiz Ashraf Regime (June 2012-December 2012)†the main focus of the study was relations between Pakistan and United States of America in the government of Pakistan’s Prime Minister Raja Pervaiz Ashraf who took charge as Prime Minister in June 2012. In this study the content analysis of the two newspapers is made where the editorials of elite press i.e. Daily Dawn from Pakistan and Washington Post from United States was analyzed by the researcher. In this study researcher used the framing theory in the theoretical framework. There are total 82 editorials regarding Pak-US relations that were analyzed, 29 editorials of Washington Post whereas 53 editorials of Daily Dawn. The study explore that the newspapers of both the countries has mostly highlighted the ungratified behavior towards the issues and criticized the foreign p olicy of their particular countries. Zahid Yousaf, Ehtisham Ali (2012) â€Å"Coverage of Pak-Us Relations in Elite Press of Pakistan and Us during the Democratic Government of Pakistan People’s Party; March 2008 To February 2012 (Media Foreign Policy Perspective).† The main objective of the Study to investigate the foreign policies of Pakistan and the United States of America in the editorials of American press during the people’s party’s government came into the power after the 2008’s general elections. In this purpose researcher select mainly two English newspapers, one elite newspaper from United States and one from Pakistan, â€Å"New York Times† from US and â€Å"The Daily Dawn† from Pakistan from March 2008 to February 2012.The main focus of the study to find out the relationship between Pakistan and US during the democratic government in Pakistan. The main perseverance behind this study is to reveal the involvement of the foreign policy creating by the governments of the states under study and the role played by the mass media at present.Researcher construct theoretical framework for the study in hand discusses to the Agenda Setting Theory as the study is focused to determine the „Media Agendaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ of the press of selected countries and to regulate the different incidents relating to the present study. In this study researcher considered the contents of the editorials of the selected newspapers related to Pak-US relations. The findings of this stu dy accomplish that the Pakistani media in general and the US media in specific have not followed the view points of the particular governments regarding the foreign policy of the particular countries.

The Word Police by Michiko Kakutani Essay -- The Word Police Michiko K

The Word Police by Michiko Kakutani Michiko Kakutani's essay â€Å"The Word Police† is a refreshing look at a literary world policed by the Politically Correct (P.C.). She pokes fun at the efforts of P.C. policepersons such as Rosalie Maggio, author of The Bias-Free Word Finder, a Dictionary of Nondiscriminatory Language . But in mocking authors like Maggio, Kakutani emphasizes that efforts of the P.C. police are often exaggerated to the point of silliness and can even become a linguistic distraction from the real issues. In fact, such filtering or censorship of words can lead to larger problems within the English language: â€Å"getting upset by phrases like ‘bullish on America' or ‘the City of Brotherly Love' tends to distract attention from the real problems of prejudice and injustice that exist in society at large† (686). According to Kakutani, over-exaggerated political correctness just serves in complicating our words and diluting the messages. But really, the problem in P.C. advice on word-choice is the exaggeration of inclusive ness. Kakutani addresses the P.C. police's righteous motive: â€Å"a vision of a more just, inclusive society in which racism, sexism, and prejudice of all sorts have been erased† (684). But where does one draw the line between writing inclusively and walking on eggshells? What is politically correct? Must writers assume the worst of their audiences when debating whether to mutate the spelling of â€Å"women† to â€Å"womyn† in order to avoid sexist language? The truth is, writing purely inclusively is an arduous task; it requires consistent and careful consideration of many exterior elements such as audience, literary content, and societal context. An examination of these elements reveals just how difficult ... ...eading community. This goes to show that sometimes it takes extreme action to produce meaningful results. Kakutani writes, â€Å"In the case of the politically correct, the prohibition of certain words, phrases and ideas is advanced in the cause of building a brave new world free of racism and hate† (687). In this way, the P.C. motive is honorable. And we learn that accountability can be a worthwhile tool for those who strive to better themselves. Therefore, the efforts of the P.C. police are to be equally criticized and applauded: criticized for over-punishing many of the language-abiding citizens, and applauded for their attentiveness to detail and determination to better our language for the sake of inclusiveness. Works Cited Kakutani, Michiko. â€Å"The Word Police.† The Writer's Presence . Eds. Donald McQuade and Robert Atwan. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2003.

Mobile Phone Usage Among the Teenagers Essay

1.1 Introduction Mobile phones have become very popular in recent years and their development has been amazing. It is no wonder why they have become irreplaceable. With all applications which go with them they have gained a huge popularity with the people nowadays especially the teenagers. A mobile phone (also known as a cellular phone, cell phone and a hand phone) is a device which can make and receive telephone calls over a radio link whilst moving around a wide geographic area. It does so by connecting to a cellular network provided by a mobile network operator. The calls are to and from the public telephone network which includes other mobiles and fixed-line phones across the world. Cell phones are a great invention and a popular way to communicate—almost every individual in the Philippines have and owns a cell phone. They allow us to work on the go and stay in touch. When put in the hands of a teenager, however, they can have some effects of which adults should be aware. Cell phones provide security for teens and parents who worry about them; help is never out of reach and parents can check on their children easily. Teens’ natural tendency to follow trends may result in an emotional attachment to a cell phone (in its latest model) that is out of scale with its actual value. Some teens may even develop an â€Å"addiction† to the device that excludes anything not viewed or heard. Cell phones allow only verbal, disembodied relationships at a time when adolescents should be working on developing a sense of their own—and others’—physical space. The acquisition of a cell phone appears to influence the communication choices of teens. And while all teens are more likely to say they most often talk on the phone when communicating with their friends, teens with cell phones is more likely than teens without to say that they most often communicate with friends by written messages rather than the phone. It is a common sight – cell phones (mobile phones) in the hands of people, especially teenagers. Literature has provided in-depth evidence of the uses, advantages, disadvantages, impact, consequences and concerns about the use of mobile phones. Why teenagers fancy this device, is an interesting observation where the experts attach its significance to teenagers’ identity factor. The usage of mobile phones has re-shaped, re-organized and altered several social facets. Particularly focusing on teenagers’ mobile phone usage, literature has provided evidence of them being used for both positive purposes and negative reasons. The spread of mobile communication among Finnish teenagers has been markedly rapid during the latter half of the 1990s. Young people have created and developed a communication culture that incorporates many special features, such as a rise in the use of text-based communication channels. Teenagers’ intersecting and selective use of communication channels has generated multimedia communication. If this is the case, how could we describe and analyze these new forms of interaction? The media landscapes created by teenagers serve to articulate their personal space, as well as enabling their presentation of self and defining their relationships to others. 1.2Statement of the problems 1.2.1What are the advantages and disadvantages to the socialization that teenagers could get from using the cell phones? 1.2.2 What could be the effects to the teenager’s health in being addiction of cell phones? 1.2.3 How the cell phones can be use properly by teen agers? CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES 2.1 Related Literature 2.2 Related Studies 2.3 Relevance of the surveyed Literature and Studies to Present Study CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1Research Methodology 3.2Respondents A further breakup of age groups indicated that all the 17-19 olds had mobile phones A further breakup of age groups indicated that all the 17-19 olds had mobile phones. In addition, not possessing mobile phone/s is higher in the age bracket 15-16 year olds when compared to 13-14 olds. The spread of mobile communication among teenagers has been markedly rapid during the latter half of the 1990s. Young people have created and developed a communication culture that incorporates many special features, such as a rise in the use of text-based communication channels. Teenagers’ intersecting and selective use of communication channels has generated multimedia communication. From the theoretical standpoint provided by symbolic interactions, we can ask whether communication through new media technologies generates new forms of social interaction. If this is the case, how could we describe and analyze these new forms of interaction? The media landscapes created by teenagers serve to articulate their personal space, as well as enabling their presentation of self and defining their relationships to others. The quality of sleep of almost half of 16 year olds may be affected by text messaging on mobile phones, a study from Belgium says. The sleep of one in four 13 year olds could be affected too, says the researchers, who looked at the effects of text messaging on sleep interruption in teenagers (Journal of Sleep Research (2003:12:263). In the research, about 2500 first and fourth year children (aged 13 years and 16 years respectively) in the Leuven study on media and adolescent health (SOMAH) based in Flanders, Belgium, were asked how often they were awoken at night by incoming text messages on their mobile phone. In the first year students, 13.4% reported being woken up one to three times a month, 5.8% were woken up once a week, 5.3% were woken up several times a week and 2.2% were woken up every night. In the fourth year group, 20.8% were woken up between one and three times a month, 10.8% were woken up at least once a week, 8.9% were woken up several times a week, and 2.9% were woken up every night. The teenagers were also asked to indicate how tired they felt at various times. â€Å"These preliminary findings suggest that mobile telephones may be having a major impact on the quality of sleep of a growing number of adolescents. It affected a quarter of the youngest to almost half of the eldest children in the sample,† says Jan Van den Bulck of the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, who reports the findings in a letter to the journal. Conclusion: The influence of mobile technology on our lives is huge and even greater on teenagers. In the age in which they’re developing as individuals all that mobile phones birng leaves a strong trace on their growing up. The usage of mobile phones in their age should be controlled but they shouldn’t be discouraged from using them as they bring many benefits.

Use Google Translate for Teaching English

Use Google Translate for Teaching English Imagine this: You are teaching English to a group of Spanish speakers, but you dont speak Spanish. The group is having difficulty understanding the present perfect tense. What can you do? Well, traditionally most of us have done our best to explain things in simple English and provide numerous examples. Theres nothing wrong with this approach. However, as many Spanish-speaking English teachers probably know, it can be helpful to quickly explain the concept in Spanish. Then the lesson can turn back to English. Instead of spending fifteen minutes trying to explain the present perfect in English, a one-minute explanation has done the trick. Still, if you dont speak Spanish - or any other language that your students speak - whats a teacher to do? Enter Google Translate. Google Translate offers the most powerful, free online translation tools available. This English teaching article focuses on using Google Translate to help out in difficult situations, as well as provide ideas on how to u se Google Translate in class in lesson plans. What does Google Translate Offer? Google Translate offers four main tool areas: TranslationTranslated SearchTranslator ToolkitTools and Resources In this article, Ill discuss how to use the first two: ​Google Translate - Translation, and Google Translate - Translated Search in class. Google Translate: Translation This is the most traditional tool. Enter text or any URL and Google Translate will provide a translation from English to your target language. Google Translate provides translation in 52 languages, so youll probably find what you need. Google Translate translations are not perfect, but they are getting better all the time (more about this later). Ways to Use Google Translate - Translation in Class Have students write short texts in English, and translate them into their original language. Using Google Translate for translation can help students catch grammatical errors by spotting these errors in the translations.Use authentic resources, but provide the URL and have students translate the original into their target language. This will help out when it comes to difficult vocabulary. Make sure that students use Google Translate only after they have first read the article in English.For beginners, ask students to first write short texts in their mother tongue. Have them translate into English and ask them to tweak the translation.Provide your own short text and let Google Translate into the class target language(s). Ask students to read the translation and then try to come up with the English original text.If all else fails, use Google Translate as a bilingual dictionary. Translated Search Google Translate also provides a translated search function. This tool is extremely powerful for finding accompanying content to help students take advantage of authentic materials in English. Google Translate provides this translated search as a way to find pages written in another language that focus on the search term you provided in English. In other words, if were working on business presentation styles, using Google Translate translated search I can provide some background materials in Spanish or any other language. Translated Search in Class When stuck on a grammar point, search on the grammar term to provide explanations in learners mother tongue(s).Use as a means to provide the context in learners mother tongue(s). This is especially useful if students arent familiar with the topic area. They can become familiar with some of the ideas in their own language as well as in English to help strengthen the learning experience.Use translated search to find pages on a particular topic. Cut and paste a few paragraphs out, have students then translate the text into English.Google Translate translated search is fantastic for group projects. Often youll find students dont have ideas, or are not sure where to begin. Sometimes, this is due to the fact that they arent too familiar with the subject in English. Let them use translated search to get them started.

DEVELOPING COUNTRY QATAR essays

DEVELOPING COUNTRY QATAR essays The developing country of Qatar is located near the Persian Gulf, and surrounded by it on three sides (Crystal, 263). Located in the Middle East, Qatar is also bordered by Saudi Arabia (Crystal, 264). It is one of the 15 states that are generally considered to be in what is termed the "Cradle of Humanity" (Qatar, 2004). It is technically in a peninsula in the east of Arabia (Crystal, 264). Qatar makes up 11,437 square kilometers and has no large lakes or rivers to speak of (Qatar, 2004). Five hundred and sixty-three kilometers of Qatar are coastline and 60 kilometers border Saudi Arabia (Qatar, 2004). It is generally a desert climate. It is very hot and dry in most regions of the country and in the summer it turns into a very sultry and humid place. Most of the terrain of Qatar is flat and much of it is barren desert (Qatar, 2004). This is generally covered with gravel or loose sand and there are no forests or other densely planted areas. The lowest point in Qatar is where it meets the Persian Gulf and the highest point is Qurayn Abu al Bawl, which is 103 meters high (Qatar, The main natural resources of Qatar are fish, natural gas, and petroleum (Al-Haj, 561). Only 5 percent of the land is used for permanent pastures and there are no permanent crops (Qatar, 2004). Eighty square kilometers of the land is irrigated but Qatar must deal with many natural hazards such as dust storms, haze, and sandstorms, which are very common (Qatar, 2004). There are many large-scale facilities in Qatar for removing salt from the water and there is increasing dependence on these since Qatar has very few freshwater resources (Al-Haj, 568). These natural resources are extremely limited. In order to preserve much of its environment, Qatar belongs to several international agreements including those dealing with the proper way to handle hazardous wastes, biodiversity, and protection o...

Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 8

Education - Essay Example Like Malcolm X, there comes a point when education means learning from people outside of the academe. Certain individuals in our Korean society, at least those within my immediate community, have in one way or the other affected the way I think whether in reference to my studies or an aspect relevant to my social life. When Malcolm X’s discriminating eighth-grade instructor told him â€Å"no realistic goal for a nigger† exists at the time he was one of the best students who had foreseen career in law, the moment clearly marked a turning point in his educational decision. Mere words, thus, could ‘make or break’ a person and likewise, some of my perceptions during secondary years at school had been impacted by teachers and classmates in and out of academic discussions. Due to such an experience, I could say that formal scholastic training would be inadequate if a student neglects or fails to have access to other modes of learning. In my case, it was very esse ntial to get in touch with people in different ways. By the time I developed the habit of cramming prior to taking major exams back then, I was in constant need of companions who would either assist me in reviewing difficult subjects, especially the ones I got rid of the most, or simply accompany me for leisure or relaxing break after studying. I crammed so much that I ended up obtaining unpleasant grades that were quite bothersome not only to me but to my parents, concerned friends, and instructors at school who had seen and believed in my potentials. As it made me look into myself, I discovered that while I desired all along to keep up with my studies, I missed setting my priorities right. Friends who were fond of ‘happy-go-lucky’ times, I observed, bore a huge influence in the sense that I had spent an ample amount of time hanging out with them in parties, getaways, shopping, and even petty dates. Little did I realize that instead of having relief from stress of scho olwork, I earned distractions which reflected poor time management and lack of self-control on my part. I used to think that I could study well if I had moments to unwind first, so as to dissolve external pressures and worries which I thought might get in the way of focus but the more I seek to charge myself with wonderful mood as such, the more I became exhausted. The strength meant to have been reserved for making notes and working on assignments was all sapped, making me feel the need to have plenty of rest so that I crammed often. As a consequence, rather than getting properly organized with the lessons already taught, I unconsciously settled on losing my train of smooth thinking and whenever the trouble with discontinuity persisted, I would struggle with comprehension or with coping to recall subject matters dealt with. Though oppression was rare in the previous school I attended, students in general took part in throwing and receiving criticism. Somehow, this was embedded in o ur system of education and inevitably worked to test how strong a character could get, I suppose. Since I could not afford to let the situation with harshly criticizing individuals affect my personal growth in a negative way, I typically perceived comments as a sign of challenge capable of creating an opportunity for me to enhance my overall skills. It was not easy to

Dada in the world war one Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Dada in the world war one - Essay Example With the future of Germany an uncertainty, many avant-garde artists, including George Ehrenfried Grosz, were inspired by the Russian Revolution and formed the Berlin Dada Club (McCloskey 45). They believed classic Marxism was the best solution to the turmoil in Germany (McCloskey 46). They thought the major social, economic, and political turmoil in Germany stemmed from the bourgeoisies oppression of the proletariat and dedicated their art to ending the war and revolutionary change. George Ehrenfried Grosz (1893-1959) was born in Berlin, Germany, and emerged as one of the leading German political artists between World War I. His artwork during the 1920s reflected the appalling conditions in Berlin that resulted from the German loss of World War I, which included: food shortages, staggering inflation, the sight of war cripples begging in the streets, rampant prostitution, and widespread violence. As the German military began to accept the loss of the war, Grosz became increasingly involved with left wing activities and publishing his revolutionarily motivated art. His sentiments were fueled by a close relationship he developed with two brothers, Weiland Herzfelde and John Herzfelde (or John Heartfield as he called himself). Grosz had met Heartfield while in the infantry and they both decided to Americanize their names as protest against the German military (George Groszs given name was Georg Gross) (McCloskey 20). The Herzfelde brothers had been influenced by th eir parents to have strong socialist views and revolutionary attitudes. Their father was a socialist writer and their mother a textile union organizer. Grosz and the Herzfelde brothers, the historian Beth Lewis pointed out, "shared a common conviction that the war was not only despicable, but that it was lost" (Lewis 42). Grosz also believed that the common soldier had an interest in not wanting the war to end. He reasoned that the accepted violence in the

Funeral Oration and Old Oligarch Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Funeral Oration and Old Oligarch - Essay Example In the wake of the Peloponnesian War, scores of Athenian soldiers were pressed into duty who they readily endured the hardships of warfare. Though acknowledging their bravery and sense of duty, Pericles notes that one individual’s words cannot sufficiently capture the magnitude of their feat. Pericles goes on to mention how the very foundation of the Athenian kingdom was based on valour and patriotism. He cites the example of martyrs from previous generations to identify this tradition. Pericles assures the audience that the great courage exhibited and the great human loss thus incurred was not in vain. The city of Athens is a crown jewel of civilization and culture. According to Pericles, the endeavour to protect the sanctity of this great city from marauding invaders was a noble project, for, in consequence, it protects the institutions of democracy within the city. His elogà © then is not just for the recently martyred, but also for their exemplary forbears and the proud democratic traditions that the city stands for. He concludes his speech by exhorting the audience to live up to the standards of the martyrs as well as uphold the spirit of democracy that Athens has become synonymous with. The Old Oligarch takes a totally different view of Athens, especially its Constitution. He reckons that democracy can easily lead to mob-rule. The author believes that the aristocracy is endowed by nature with qualities necessary for leadership. Taking away the reigns from them could so easily lead to disintegration of law and order. Their privilege in acquiring sound education is a valuable asset for statecraft. Likewise, the material abundance into which the aristocracy are born lends them skills for managing the economy of the city. Pseudo-Xenophon worries that if the poor are given a voice in public affairs the natural order of the

Teacher preparation is critical to providing successful quality math education Essay Example for Free

Teacher preparation is critical to providing successful quality math education Essay It is possible to make every student a successful student. Here success could mean different things to different students and their teachers. When the full potential of a student is realized in the chosen avocation, one can infer that success is achieved. Teaching and learning happen the best when there is perceived interest in both the teacher and the learner. Nurturing education through better teaching and learning methods can enhance the ability of a teacher for providing quality mathematics education1 (Chism,1998). Because of the inherent anxiety in math education, additional preparation in terms of understanding the psychology of the students is a critical success factor. Many times we find impediments to teaching and learning either because there is no evident interest in the teacher or the learner or both; or there is no proper supporting mechanism/ system to augment the teaching and learning. In the following paragraphs, an outline of various teaching / instructional methodologies for the teachers and learning strategies for the students are outlined for best possible outcomes for both sides of the equation. These are meant for any teaching including mathematics. Based on my own personal experiences of teaching and learning and professional research, I outlined a few of the many methodologies.   Mention is also made of the importance of overall learning environment. Teaching / Instructional Methodologies2 (New Horizons For Learning,2002) a. Action Research Action Research is a very powerful strategy for instructional improvement and provides teachers the necessary skills for solving problems specific to their classrooms and their schools. By using a five step process – question, data collection, data analysis, findings and action plan – teachers can improve their own teaching skills while improving their classroom/school outcomes3 (Reed, 2000) b. Differentiated Instruction Differentiated Instruction takes into account the various ways in which students learn as against Direct Instruction which focuses mainly on memorizing facts and skills. Differentiated Instruction on the other hand focuses on concepts, understanding, readiness and interest. c. Environment for Learning: The definition or perception of Learning Environment from a curriculum and instruction based learning is changing to an environment for successful learning which is based on a variety of emotional, intellectual, visual and spatial stimuli. Schools located in such environs as zoos, museums, culture are redefining the way learning takes place and learning environment is created. d. Accelerated Learning Accelerated learning is based on the original work of ‘Suggestology’4 (Dr. Lozanov, 1978) which included relaxation, visual arts and music for teaching foreign language students. Accelerated learning takes into account various beliefs/theories such as Learning is dual-planned; there is no single stimulus etc. The Core Elements for Accelerated Learning include Physical Environment, Music, Teacher, Positive Atmosphere and a teaching Frame. Teaching Frame in turn includes three phases – Preparation, Active and Passive. e. Teaching for Understanding: This approach seeks to get answers to the three key questions: 1. What does it mean to understand? 2. How do we teach for understanding? 3. How do we assess understanding? Using the concept of ‘throughlines’ a teacher can engage the students continuously and throughout the year on the goals set out for understanding the concepts based on a set of predefined questions. Classroom based Learning Continuum Tool The Northwest Evaluation Association launched a tool   DesCartes: A Continuum of Learning. This tool is designed for teachers and principals to simplify the task of translating assessment data into specific skills and concepts5 (Business Wire, 2004). The tool is used to map mathematics, reading, and language usage skills along a continuum of learning, and connects each skill with test score ranges and state standards for all the states Teachers can use DesCartes information for: †¢ Identification of specific skills and concepts students need †¢ Selection of materials based on the diversity of skill levels within a class, and find appropriate materials for students at the extreme ends of the learning spectrum. †¢ Creation of flexible learning groups based on students performance and †¢ Collaboration with staff to successfully meet the needs of all learners6 (Grasha, 1996). Conclusion Teaching and Learning have become very critical in not only realizing the full potential of the learners but in doing so have become necessary tools to build a productive workforce. Teaching styles6, improvements in technology and expectations of parents, society have contributed to the growth of new methods of teaching, learning and creating new Learning Environments. Hence it is important that we assess the teachers for their ability and aptitude and also assess the learner’s ability and aptitude. A match making of these two would most definitely produce successful teaching and learning outcomes. Many of the methods discussed above would definitely make it is possible for every student to become a successful student and every teacher a successful teacher.

Role Of 3d Animators In Motion Capture Film Studies Essay

Role Of 3d Animators In Motion Capture Film Studies Essay In the world of upcoming technologies and innovations it has become hard for traditional techniques to withstand. Same is the case here in terms of 3d animation which is become an integral part of the film industry here for a long time and the motion capture which is upcoming and is here to stay. Motion capture being the favourite of every live action movie director is gaining attention in the film industry. In producing entire feature films with Computer animation, the industry is currently split between studios that use Motion Capture, and studios that do not. Out of the three nominees for the 2006 Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, two of the nominees (Monster House and the winner Happy Feet) used Motion Capture, and only Pixars Cars was animated without Motion Capture. In the ending credits of Pixars latest film Ratatouille, a stamp appears labelling the film as 100% Pure Animation No Motion Capture! For 3D animations, objects are built on the computer monitor and 3D figures are rigged with a virtual skeleton. Then the limbs, eyes, mouth, clothes, etc.of the figure are moved by the animator on key frames. The differences in appearance between key frames are automatically calculated by the computer. To gain more control of the interpolation, a parameter curve editor is available in the majority of the 3D animation packages. The parameter curve editor shows a graphical representation of the variation of a parameters value over time (the animation curve). Altering the shape of the curve results into a change in interpolation and therefore into a change in the speed of motion. By changing the interpolation it is possible to avoid surface interpenetration (such as fingers intersecting each other) when transitioning from one hand shape to the next. The realism of keyframe animations depends largely on the animators ability to set believe keyframe (realistic hand shapes) and on his abil ity to control the interpolation between the keyframe i.e., the speed and fluidity of motion. Rendering takes place in the animation finally. History of 3D animation In the year 1824 Peter Roget presented his paper The persistence of vision with regard to moving objects to the British Society. In 1831 Dr.Joseph Antoine Plateau (a Belgian scientist) and Dr.Simon Rittrer constructed a machine called a phenakistoscope. This machine produced an illusion of the movement by allowing a viewer to gaze at a rotating disk containing small windows; behind the windows was another disk containing a sequence of images. When the disks were rotated at the correct speed, the synchronization of the windows with the images created an animated effect. Eadweard Muybridge started his photographic gathering of animals in motion. Zoetrope (series of sequential images in a revolving drum) when the drum is revolved the slits in the drum creates the illusion of motion and becomes first movie- similarly film creates this illusion by having one image then black then image then black again. Thaumatrope twirl it and the two images superimpose on each other. Two frame animation . In 1887 Thomas Edison started his research work into motion pictures. He announced his creation of the kinetoscope which projected a 50ft length of film in approximately 13 seconds. Emile Renynaud in 1892 combining his earlier inventions of the praxinoscope with a projector opens the Theatre Optique in the Musee Grevin. It displays an animation of images painted on long strips of celluloid. Louis and Augustine Lumiere issued a patent for a device called cinematography capable of projecting moving pictures. Thomas Armat designed the vitascope which projected the films of Thomas Edison. This machine had a major influence on all sub-sequent projectors. J.Stuart Blackton made the first animated film which he called Humorous phases of Funny faces in 1906. His method was to draw comical faces on a blackboard and film them. He would stop the film, erase one face to draw another, and then film the newly drawn face. The stopmotion provided a starting effect as the facial expressions changed b efore the viewers eyes. Emile Cohl makes En Route the first cut-out animation. This technique saves time by not having to redraw each new cell, only reposition the paper. Winsor McCay produced an animation sequence using his comic strip character Little Nemo. John R Bray applies for a patent on numerous techniques for animation. One of the most revolutionary is the process of printing the backgrounds of the animation. In 1914 Winsor McCay produced a cartoon called Gertie. The trained Dinosaur which amazingly consisted of 10,000 drawings. In 1914 Earl Hurd applies for a patent for the technique of drawing the animated portion of an animation on a clear celluloid sheet and later photographing it with its matching background (Cell animation). Cell and Paper Animation Technique: By the mid-1910s animation production in US already dominated by the techniques of cell and paper. Cell animation was more popularized in America than in Europe because of Assembly line Taylorism that had taken America by storm. Cell Animation was most appropriate to the assembly-line style of manufacturing because it took a whole line of persons working on very specific and simple repetitive duties. On the other hand, in Europe where the assembly-line style of work was not encouraged, clay animation and other forms of animation that required only a few individuals working on the set at a time was more popularized. Because the actual set could only afford a limited amount of individuals working at one time together and no more this style and other alternative forms of animation became more widely accepted. Disney-cell animation draw each image one at a time using onion-skinning technique. Traditional cell animation drawings created one by one animators create the keyframe and assistances create in-betweens; onion skinning process used to make easier the reference drawing of each additional image. The international feature Syndicate realised many titles including Silk Hat Harry, Bringing up Father and Krazy Kat. In 1923 the first feature-length animated film called El Apostol is created in Argentina. 1923 saw the discovery of Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio by Walt and Roy Disney. Walt Disney extended Max Fleischers technique of combining live action with cartoon characters in the film Alices Wonderland. Warner Brothers released The Jazz Singer which introduced combined sound and images. Ken Knowlton working at Bell Laboratories started developing computer techniques for producing animated movies. University of Utah, Ed Catmull develops an animation scripting language and creates an animation of a smooth shaded hand. Ref: E.Catmull,A system for computer generated movies, Proceedings of the ACM National Conference, 1972. Beier and Neely, at SGI and PDI respectively publish an algorithm where line correspondences guide morphing between 2d images.Demo is Michael Jacksons video Bla ck and White.Ref: T.Beier and S.Neely,Feature-Based image metamorphosis. Computer Graphics July 1992. Chen and Williams at the apple publish a paper on view interpolation for 3d walkthoughs.Ref: S.E.Chen and L.Williams,View Interpolation for image Systhensis. Computer Graphics Proceeding, Annual Conference Series1993. Jurassic Park uses CG for realistic living creatures. The stars of this movie directed by Steven Spielberg were the realistic looking and moving 3d-dinosaurs, created by Industrial Light and Magic. With each new step into the next generation of computer graphics comes new and more believable CGI characters such as those found in Dinosaur. In Dinosaur the creation and implementation of realistic digital hair on the lemurs is included. After seeing it, George Lucas, director of the Star War series, concluded the time was there to start working on his new Star Wars movies. In his opinion 3d-animation was now advanced enough to believably create the alien worlds and characters he already wanted to make since the early late seventies. In the year 1995 Toy Story the first full length 3D CG feature film. The first CGI feature-length animation and Pixars first feature film. The primary characters are toys in the room of this six-year-old boy Andy, and is mostly told from their point of view. On entrance of computers and 3d driven software feature length films of high polish can be created virtually in 3d. Toy Story is considered to be a first animated feature ever generated completely on computers. Disney and Pixar partnered up to create this film. Star Wars, almost every shot of this movie is enhancing with 3d-animation. It features very realistic 3d-aliens and environment. Lord of the Rings: Two Towers was the first Photorealistic motion captured character for a film; Gollum was also the first digital actor to win an award (BFCA), category created for Best Digital Acting Performance. MOTION CAPTURE Motion capture, motion tracking, or mocap are terms used to describe the process of recording movement and translating that movement onto a digital model. For medical applications and for validation of computer vision and robotics, and it is used in military, entertainment, sports too. To recording actions of human actors, and using that information to animate digital character models in 2d and 3d computer animation is how it is termed in film making. Performance capture is referred when it includes face, fingers and captures subtle expressions. Movements of one or more actors are sampled many times per second, although with most techniques motion capture records only the movements of the actor, not his/her visual appearance, in motion capture sessions. This animation data is mapped to a 3d model so that the model performs the same actions as the actor. Although there are many different systems for capturing motion capture data, they tend to fall broadly into two different categories: One contains optical systems, which employ photogrammetry to establish the position of an object on 3D space based on its observed location within the 2d fields of a number of cameras. Data is produced by these systems within 3 degrees freedom from each marker, and rotational information must be inferred from the relative orientation of the sensors with respect to a transmitter. Collecting of motion data from an image without using photogrammetry or magnetic equipment is referred to as motion tracking. In The Lord of the Rings in 1978, animated film where the visual appearance of the motion of an actor was filmed, then the film used a guide for the frame by frame motion of a hand-drawn animated character; the technique is comparable to the older technique of rotoscope. The camera movements can also be motion captured so that a virtual camera in the scene will pan, tilt, or dolly around the stage driven by a camera operator, while the actor is performing and the motion capture the camera and props as well as the actors performance. By doing this, it allows the computer generated characters, images and sets, to have the same perspective as the video images and sets, to have the same perspective as the video images from the camera. The actors movements are displayed through the computer process, providing the desired camera positions terms of the objects in the set. Match moving or camera tracking is referred to retroactively obtaining camera movement data from the captured footage. History of Mocap: The mocap technology of the modern day has been developed by the led in the medical science, army, and computer generated imagery (CGI) where it is used for a wide variety of purposes. Mocap had successful attempts long before the computer technology had become available. Early attempts: The invention of zoopraxiscope was because a of a bet of $25,000 on whether all four feet of a horse leave the ground simultaneously or not. Endeared Muybridge (1830-1904) who invented the zoopraxiscope was born in England and became a popular landscape photographer in San Francisco. Muybridge proved the fact that all four feet of a trotting horse simultaneously get off the ground. He did so by capturing a horses movement in a sequence of photographs taken with a set of one dozen cameras trigged by the horses feet. The earlier motion capture devices are considered to be zoopraxiscope. This technology was perfected by Muybridge himself. His books, Animals in motion (1899) and The Human Figures in Motion (1901) are still used by many artists, such as animators, cartoonists, illustrators, painters as valuable references. Muybridge is a pioneer of a mocap and motion pictures. In the same year a physiologist and the inventor of a portable sphygmograph was born in France and his name is Etienne Jules Marey. Sphygmograph is an instrument that records the pulse and blood pressure graphically. Modified versions of his instruments are still used today. Marey met Muybridge in Paris in the year 1882 and is the following year he invented the chronophotographic gun to record animal locomotion but quickly abandoned it, this invention was inspired by Muybridges work. He invented a chronophotographic fixed-plate camera with a timed shutter that allowed him to expose multiple images on a plate in the same year. The camera initially captured images on a glass plate but later he replaced glass plates with film paper, by this way film strips where introduced to the motion picture. Mareys subject wearing his mocap suit shows striking resemblances to skeletal mocap data in the photographs. Research subjects of Marey included cardiology, experimental physiology, instruments in physiology, and locomotion of humans, animals, birds, and insects. Marey used one camera in motion capture comparing to Muybridge who used multiple cameras. After the year in which Muybridge and Marey passed away Harold Edgerton was born in Nebraska. In the early 1920s Edgreton developed his photographic skills as a student while he studied at the University of Nebraska. While working on his masters degree electrical engineering at the Massachusetts in 1926 at the Institute of Technology(MIT), he realized that he couldnt observe the a part of his motor which is rotating as if the motor were turned off by matching the frequency of the strobes flashes to the speed of the motors rotation. Stroboscope was developed to freeze fast moving objects and capture them on film by Edgerton in 1913. Edgreton became a pioneer in high-speed photography. The first successful underwater camera in 1937 was designed by Edgreton and made many trips abroad the research vessel Calypso with French oceanographer Jacques Cousteau. The design and building of deep sea flash electronic equipment in 1954 was done by him. Edgreton passes away in 1990 where his long career as an educator and researcher at MIT. Rotoscoping: Max Fleisher and art editor for Popular Science Montly who was born in Vienna in 1883 who moved to the U.S with his family, he came up with an idea of producing animation by tracing live action film frame by frame. Fleisher filmed David his brother, in the year 1915 in a clown costume and they spent almost a year making their first animation using rotoscope. He obtained a patent for rotoscope in 1917.In the year 1918 when World War I ended he produced the first animation in the Out of the Inkwell series and he also established Out of the Inkwell,Inc.,which was later renamed as Fleischer Studio. In this series the animation and the live action was mixed and Fleischer himself interacted with animation characters, Koko the clown and Fitz the dog. Before Disneys Steamboat Willie, in the year 1924 thats 4 years before he had a synchronised soundtrack. Characters such as Popeye and Superman were all animated characters from Fleischers studio. Betty Boop first appeared in Fleischers animati on and later became a comic strip character. In 30s early animations were filled with sexual humour, ethnic jokes, and gags. When the Hays Production Code (censorship) laws became effective in 1934 it affected Fleischer studio more than other studios. Betty Boop lost her garters and sex appeal as a result. After almost after 4 years of production Walt Disney presented the first feature length animation, Snow White and Seven Dwarfs. Snow White was a huge success. The distributer of Fleischers animation Paramount pressured Max and David Fleischer to produce feature length animations. The two feature films Gullivers Travel (1939) and Mr. Bugs Goes to Town (1941) were produced by the money borrowed from Paramount. Both of the films were a disaster in the box office. The failure of Mr. Bug made Paramount fire the Fleischer brothers and changed the studios name from Famous Studios. Max Fleischer sued Paramount over the distribution of his animations. He signed a Betty Boop merchandising deal for King Features, a unit of the Hearst Corporation before he died in the year 1972. The use of Rotoscoping can be seen in the Disney animations, starting with Snow White. Later Disney animations characters were highly stylized and Rotoscoping became a method for studying human and animal motions. Comparison between film footages and the corresponding scenes in the animations reveals skilful and selective use of Rotoscoping by Disney animators. They went above and beyond Rotoscoping. Snow Whites can be attributed to Walt Disneys detailed attention to the plot, character development and artistry. Both Max Fleischer and Walt Disney were highly innovative individuals; however, it is said true that Disneys memory belongs to the public; Maxs to those who remember him by choice (Herald son, 1975). Beginning of Digital Mocap: In the 1970s the research and development of digital mocap technology started in pursuit of medical and military applications. In 1980s CGI industry discovered the technologys potentials. In the 1980s there were floppy disks that were actually floppy and most computers were equipped with monochrome monitors; some with calligraphic displays. To view color images, for example rendered animation frames, images had to be sent to a frame buffer, which was often shared by multiple users due to its cost. Large computers were housed in ice cold server rooms. Offices were files with the noise of dot matrix printers. In the 1980s ray tracing and radiocity algorithms were published. Based on these algorithms renderers required a supercomputer or workstations to render animations frames in a reasonable amount of time. Personnel computers werent powerful enough. CPUs, memories, storage devices, and applications were more expensive than today. Wavefront technologies developed and marketed the firs t commercial of the shelf 3D computer animation software in 1985. At that time only a handful of animation production companies existed. Most of the animations that they produced were flying logos for TV commercials or TV programmes opening sequences. The pieces were 15 to 30 seconds long. In the 1980s the readers who saw Brilliance probably still remember the astonishment of seeing a computer generated character, a shiny female robot, moving like a real human being. Brilliance being the first successful application of mocap technology in CGI,Total Recall was the first failed attempt to use mocap in a feature film. The post production companies contracted to produce effects for the 1990 science fiction film starring Arnold Schwarzenegger and Sharon Stone, Metrolight Studio being one of them. Metrolight decided to use mocap to create an animation sequence of moving skeletons for the scene in which Schwarzeneggers character goes through a large airport security X-ray machine, along with other people and a dog. Operator from an optical mocap equipment company was sent out to a location with mocap system. A team from metrolight followed the operators instruction while capturing performances by Schwarzenegger and other performers. They went home believing that the capture session had gone well and the mocap company would deliver the mocap data after cleaning and processing. What so ever metrolight never received usable data and had to give up using mo cap for the scene. Metrolights unfortunate experience teaches us one lesson that we should hire only a service provider with a good track record and references. In 1995 FX Fighters released its first real-time fighting with 3D characters in 3D environments. Its also one of the first video games that used mocap technology to give realism to 3D characters movements. By the user input using a set of motion captured actions, game characters are animated in real time. The pieces of actions are played in such a way that the player does not notice the transition from one action to another giving an impression that the player is fully in control of a game characters movement. Seeing the success of the game, other game companies were encouraged to use mocap in their games. In the 1980s and 1990s these pioneering efforts have shown remarkable development and achievement in digital mocap. In the recent years, in addition to medicine, and entertainment, mocap applications have been found in many other fields. Mocap is used by various sports to analyze and enhance the athletes performances and prevent injuries. Designers use mocap to understand users movements, constrains, and interactions with environments and to design better products. Mocap is used by engineers to analyze human movements and design robots that walk like us. Mocap is also used by art historians and educators to archive and study performances by dancers and actors. For instance, in 1991 an intricate performance by legendary French mime Marcel Marceau (1923-2007) was captured at the Ohio State University to preserve his arts for future generations. 3D ANIMATION PRODUCTION PIPELINE Sales pitch Convincing the big jobs to work on the story. Story plot solid summary What the films about, what happens in it and extra variations that may or may not appear in the final product. Storyboards Basic sketches of the scenes. (Time usually taken = 6 months) Voice recording At first the artists themselves do the voice acting to put a connection from the story board to the script to give an idea of the film, later on celebrities are paid to be the character voices. Storyboard reel Pictures in a timescale with voice recordings playing in conjunction, basically a really basic film. Concept art Artists try to create the look and feel of the scenery and the characters from the scripts, voice talent and the basic drawings, the artists get first crack at how lighting sets the mood too Modelling The characters, props and landscape have started to be created in 3d; hinges have been added to them to give them movement. Everything is still in frame form, no textures have been added yet (think skeletons). Dressing The models and props are skinned according to the mood and feel the team wants for the film to portray. Shot layout The Basically skinned objects and characters are set into positions to work out camera angles and movement, nothing is truly animated or skinned yet, the recordings of these final cuts are passed onto the animation team. (Time Usually taken = 4 weeks) Animation The models are animated, everything such as the skeleton is already there so they are basically choreographers (think puppeteers). They move the mouth and ligaments according to the sounds and the scripts. (Time usually taken 4 weeks) Shading shading changes surfaces according to the lighting on it, it affects the models colour depending on the lighting situation e.g. light bouncing off a shiny metal surface is successfully done thanks to a shader. Shaders are added to the landscapes, models and props. Lighting Lighting is added to the scenes, Lighting is what actually makes everything look great. Lighting is based on the mood scripts. (Time usually taken = 8 weeks) Rendering The final product is rendered; this can take a hell of a lot of time to render one frame depending on the quality of the graphics put into. Touch-ups Things such as music scores, special effects and sound effects are added, the film is also recorded to an appropriate format. MOTION CAPTURE PRODUCTION PIPELINE Pre-Production Storyboard development Shot analysis It is important to work out exactly what action is needed at this stage, plus any restrictions which may impede the actor. There are several factors which need to be addressed: Does the actors size correspond to that of the character. Should the actor have any props, or costume (for example having the actor where horns for your demon character in your mocap session, will prevent the arms going through the horns at the implementing stage) The spatial surrounding should be a factor. Will the motion need to be blended (e.g. A running motion, as the motion capture studio will only capture a fragment of the run). Character Rigging Develop a character rig, which involves the following: Matching the actors size as much as possible. Constraining the joints. Problems may include exporting out of your animation package into the correct format (e.g. .xsi into fbx) Several different export formats should be tested to realize which suites best with the character rig (e.g. .bvh, .fbx, etc). Actual Motion Captured This can be viewed on a rig in real time. There are several different forms of Motion Capture devices. The most commonly used are: Mechanical, Optical, and Electromagnetic (magnetic) Cleaning Data This involves several data manipulators being applied to the motion capture data. In optical motion capture systems, for example, after you capture the movements of your actors, the data is stored as raw 2D data. Reconstruction process will convert it into continuous 3D trajectories. Label process will label all the trajectories and so on. Additional processing may be needed when there are data gaps, jitters and other data-noises. Implementing data This is simply the process of applying your data to your skeleton rig provided at the initial stages. There can be several problems at this stage depending on the formats and animation package chosen. For example there is an issue with UVs, materials, scaling etc. It is suggested you follow each package pipeline to minimize these issues. APPLICATIONS OF MOTION CAPTURE The process of recording movement and translating that movement onto a digital model is called as motion capture, motion tracking or mocap. Its applications are used in the military, entertainment, sports, medical applications and for validation of computer vision and robotics etc. Games The largest market for motion capture is game development. Games are drawing as much revenue as movies; it is easy to see why game development often calls for enormous quantities of motion capture. There are basically two types of 3d character animation used in games: real time playback vs. Cinmeatics. Real-time allows the game player to choose from pre-created moves, by controlling the characters moves in real-time. Cinmeatics are the fully rendered movies used for the intros and cut-scenes. Often the last part of game production, or a process that is sub-contracted to a separate studio,cinematics are generally not essential to game-play, but do add a lot of appeal to the game, and help immensely with story development and mood generation. Video and TV Performance animation In live television broadcasts real-time motion is becoming popular. Using motion capture we can place a virtual character within a real scene, or to place live actors within a virtual scene with virtual actors, or virtual characters with a virtual scene. For real time broadcasting mocap requires mocap-up of any non-standard physiology to keep the performers motion from causing the characters limbs to interpenetrate its body. Joints limits on the shoulders and knees also help maintain believability of the character. A real-time adaptation feature such as motion builders real-time motion mapping is essential when the character body is very different from the actors body. While combining live elements with virtual elements the real and virtual cameras must share the same properties otherwise the illusion looks strange. Daily features Producing daily 3d animated features becomes easy with use of the phasespace optical motion capture system combined with motionbuilder.,allowing TV stations to keep their content fresh and exiciting,and giving viewers yet another reason not to touch that dial. Post-Production for ongoing series using motion capture for ongoing series is gaining popularity. The result of creating a weekly show without motion capture invariably causes shows to be late or production studios to go bankrupt. Having an efficient motion capture pipeline is essential to the success of an ongoing character animation based series. Film The use of motion capture in the films is increasing day by day. For creating character based animation motion capture is essential that move realistically, in situations that would be impractical or too dangerous for real actors.eg. Titanic were characters falling down off the ship. Motion capture was used extensively in Titanic for filler characters. Many of these shots would have been difficult or impossible to do with real cameras and a real ship, or real models, so virtual models, actors, and cameras were used. Some film characters require the use of motion capture, otherwise their animation seems fake. More and more independent companies are starting to put together desktop studios-the idea of two or three people creating an entire movie are not far off, if motion capture is used correctly. Motion capture animation can be done very quickly and inexpensively, without scheduling expensive motion capture sessions in a studio. Web Motion capture is ideal for the web, whether used to create virtual hosts or greeting cards. Motion capture brings a human element to the web as the web becomes more sophisticated and bandwidth increases, in the form of characters that viewers can relate to interact with. Live events Motion capture generated performance animation can be thought of as Improvisation meets Computer Graphics (CG). A good improviser acting through a CG character in real-time can create a very intriguing lass sting experience for the viewer at trade shows, meetings or press conferences. Integrating with live actors father helps create a fascinating experience. Scientific research While doing perceptual research motion capture is useful. By presenting test subjects with abstract movements, distilled from motion capture data, repeatable experiments can be developed that provide insights into human perception. Biomechanical analysis Motion capture is relied by biomechanical analysis for rehabilitation purposes. Motion capture can be used to measure the extent of a clients disability as well as a clients progress with rehabilitation. Motion capture can also help in effective design of prosthetic devices. Engineering For producing ergonomically practical product designs motion capture is essential, as well as designs for physical products that are comfortable and appealing. When it comes to working in an enclosed space, the gypsy has tremendous advantages over optical or magnetic systems, such as a car inter